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《景观设计学》2014年第2期
作 者：尼尔•G•柯克伍德（Niall G. KIRKWOOD）、李迪华（Dihua LI）、西蒙•贝尔（Simon BELL）等类 别：景观出 版 社：高等教育出版社有限公司出版时间：2014年4月
俞孔坚•论“丛林法则”与“戒权所”
——《景观设计学》2014年第2期“主编寄语”
On the ＂Jungle Principle＂ and ＂Power Rehabilitation Center＂— Editorial of the No. 2 Issue for 2014, Landscape Architecture Frontiers
By Kongjian Yu
近日，我与城市规划界的几位朋友在绍兴讨论有关水城规划的问题，参与者包括盖里•汉克、哈里•多德森、张杰、杨保军等。当谈到权力对城市建设的干预时，有人引用了中央领导人“把权力关进制度的笼子里”的说法，期望在新形势下，城市的规划建设能在更加理性、更加科学的轨道上运行。中国城市规划院的杨保军为我们转述了一个故事：因为老虎听到丛林中的动物对自己常有不满意见，于是便做了个笼子，把自己关了起来。大家得知后都欢天喜地。老虎心想：这群傻瓜，也不看笼子的钥匙在谁手里。这个故事虽然颇具调侃性，但却令人深思，这便是“丛林法则”和关于丛林法则的干预。
当我们将丛林看作一个生态系统的概念时，有几个关键点值得我们去探索，包括特权和食物链、个体利益和种群繁荣、竞争与互利、种群的多样性与和谐共生、自组织与可持续性等。根据达尔文的理论，千百万年以来的物竞天择，形成了丰富多彩的丛林世界。由于竞争，每个物种都进化出了各自的能力以获得生存和繁衍的机会。多样化的生存方式，使这个世界充满竞争却和谐共荣，并不断积累着负熵，促使整个系统走向进化。这一进化过程的背后有一只无形的手，那就是物竞天择法则。如果一个外来物种（包括人）突然入侵，借助没有任何制约的特权“践踏”丛林规则，将导致繁荣和谐的丛林面临毁灭。生态学方面的研究早已证明了这一点——人以特权者的身份介入，使世界丛林岌岌可危。然而，把老虎关起来，甚至将其赶尽杀绝，这本身就是对丛林多样性、和谐竞争与共荣世界的破坏。
这种自然生态系统的“丛林法则”及其干预规律，早已被广泛应用于对社会系统的认知之中。引申至学科和行业的发展中再恰当不过。原本学科和行业的发展有其自身的“丛林法则”，个体为追求自身的最大利益和最佳发展而发挥各自的能力，最终将惠及整个学界和行业的繁荣与发展。学术和专业的能力及贡献则以创新和质量为准绳。在一个健康的社会生态系统中，同行即利益共同体，也就是丛林中的种群和群落，为了群体的利益，对每个个体的贡献设定公认的衡量标准，从而形成公平、公正的价值体系和行业文化。然而，过去几十年以来，不论是出于正当（如让发展成果更多、更公平地惠及全体人民）或不正当（如谋求部门或个人私利）目的，有形的权力之手一直在试图代替无形之手，操控设计学科和行业的发展。于是“权力寻租”泛滥各个角落，个体的创新得不到尊重和认可；相反，对“丛林法则”之外的特权的追求，却成为许多个体的努力方向。与各个行政级别对应的“长”们被等同于行业权威，于是，为追求“长”而奋斗，唯“长”是从，便成为行业内个体们忙碌的归宿，哪管学术立场和对真理的坚持？学会和行业协会被等同于部、局之类的政府机关，并归属于某某部委管辖，“长”们也便成为退休干部的第二职业，哪有学术尊严和地位？学会、行业协会的会费都变成供那些“长”们出国“考察”的经费，哪有能力为广大会员的共同进步而服务？行业的奖项被贴上了（政府）权力的标签，于是，买通奖项管理人员便成为行业内心照不宣的“潜规则”，哪管学术追求和业务创新？就连一个从业者的资质——公民的基本权利，也要从掌权者手中求得。历经千苦万难，或有幸最终获得，便感激涕零，三呼“谢主隆恩”，或不愿卑躬屈膝极尽苟且之能事，有些行业佼佼者，也最终落得无照经营之窘境。敢怒而不敢言者，何止千万！
在中国，对市场的真正认识才刚刚开始，在与景观设计相关的行业和学界中，有多少人能够理解党和中央政府最近发布的一系列关于“发挥市场力量”的号召，我不得而知。但是，每位同行必须明白：一个不能遵守丛林法则和不懂得优胜劣汰规则的行业群体，一个不懂得优劣标准的行业群体，一个不能集成和发扬优秀个体的贡献的行业群体，一个不能自律和自组织的行业共同体，最终将无法立足于市场。而唯一的出路就是尽快觉醒，迎接新时代的机遇，建立起自己的丛林法则，即亚当•斯密的“无形之手”——市场。深吸着中央新政的新风，我斗胆在此宣称：景观设计行业的春天真正来临了！
但我们不能期望春天能够来得那么容易，因为权力如同毒品，太具诱惑力。那些上了“权瘾”的君子们，绝不会自动放弃权力；那些向往以权力代替“丛林生存技能”的后来者们，也绝不会远离“权毒”的诱惑。因为不同于需要经过艰苦卓绝的奋斗而获得的能力，这种丛林之外的特权可以通过“非常手段”轻松获得。因此，当务之急是在“把权力关进制度的笼子里”之前或同时，开设一系列“戒权所”——如同我在云南看到的“戒毒所”。否则，如果“钥匙”还掌握在他们手上，谁敢担保哪天他不会把自己放出来？
I recently had a discussion with a few urban planning friends about watertown planning issues in Shaoxing. The participants included Gary Hank, Harry Dodson, Jie Zhang, and Baojun Yang. At some point, the conversation shifted towards political interventions in urban construction, and someone made a reference to what the central leaders have called ＂put the power in the cage of regulations＂, hoping that urban design and construction would become more rational and scientific under the new circumstances. Baojun Yang from the China Academy of Urban Planning inspired us with a story: ＂In a forest, a tiger makes a cage and locked himself up because the grievances from other animals are heard everywhere. The animals get extremely excited after that. The tiger smiles and says to himself, ‘Look at those fools! They do not even think about who has the key to the cage'.＂ Yang's analogy sounds simple, but is actually quite thought-provoking. It leads to the idea of the ＂Jungle Principle＂ and what happens when it is intervened by the outside world.
If we consider the jungle as an ecosystem, there are several key points worth exploring: privileges and the food chain, individual interests and population prosperity, competition and mutual benefits, diversity and symbiosis, and self-organization and sustainability. Following Darwin, natural selection and competition over millions of years have made the jungle a diverse and colorful world. As natural selection acts by competition, each species evolves and develops their abilities in order to survive and prosper, allowing species to live harmoniously and drive the system forward. The invisible hand of evolution is natural selection. If an alien species (including human beings) invades the jungle setting and ＂tramples on＂ the ＂Jungle Principle＂ with privileges, the prosperity and balance of the jungle would fall apart. Research on ecology has already proved this — man's privileged intrusion has jeopardized the prosperity and balance of the world. Thus, locking up the tigers, or even killing them will actually ruin the diversity, the balanced completion and the common prosperity of the jungle.
The ＂Jungle Principle＂ and its intervention rule have long been widely applied to the study of social systems. This principle can also be applied to the development of different disciplines and industries, and each discipline and industry has its own ＂Jungle Principle＂. Individuals tend to do their best for their own interests and development, which will ultimately benefit the prosperity and development of the entire industry and academia. The academic capacity and professional contribution are measured by innovation and quality. In a healthy social-ecological system, a peer group is the community of common interests, just as the species and communities in the jungle. For the benefits of the community, we need to set up publicly agreed criteria to form a fair and impartial value system and industry culture. However, over the past few decades, whether it was for legitimate reasons (like sharing and benefiting the development outcomes with the public in a more impartially way) or improper reasons (to benefit departmental or individual interests), political powers have tried to replace the invisible hands to control the discipline and industry development. As a result of political involvement in design disciplines, ＂Power Rent Seeking＂ is everywhere and independent innovation has not received respect and recognition. On the contrary, people always go after privilege rather than complying with ＂Jungle Principle＂. In a professional industry, people with big administrative titles become the authority of the industry. Nobody fights hard for the academic position and nobody cares about the truth anymore. Academic societies and industry associations are like municipal agencies and are supervised by certain municipal bureaus. ＂A position with a big title＂ has become a secondary career for retired cadre, while academic respect and recognition have been left behind. The funding of these associations has become the field trip fee for the leadership to ＂study and learn＂ abroad. How can there be any funding left to make progress for the majority members? Awards and prizes have been labeled with (governmental) power. You have to buy the awards through bribing the management, which has become a hidden rule that everyone knows. Who still works for their academic pursuits and business innovation? Even work eligibility — a basic right of citizens — has to be obtained through the hands of those in power. Those that are lucky enough to get legal recognition feel so grateful cannot thank the leadership enough. Those who do their jobs well but do not play the game, only end up practicing without an issued license. It does not matter if they are at the top of their field. Millions of people swallow their anger, but dare not to say a word!
In China, a real understanding of the economic market has only just begun. I have no idea how many people in landscape architecture and related fields really understand the call of ＂let market forces play＂. However, my colleagues, you must understand here: an industry community that cannot comply with the jungle principal, or does not understand natural selection through the lens of competition, or cannot tell if a standard is good or bad, or does not gather together with their own best contributions, or is not self-organized, will not survive the market forces. The only way out is open your eyes as soon as possible, embrace the opportunities and challenges that the new era brings, and establish our own ＂Jungle Principle＂, which is the ＂Invisible Hand＂ of Adam Smith — the market. Breath in the new air that new central policies have brought, I dare to announce here: the spring of Landscape Architecture industry is coming!
We cannot expect spring to come easily; power is too tempting, just like drugs. Those who are hooked on ＂power addiction＂ will not just surrender; those latecomers who turn to power instead of ＂jungle survival skills＂ will not stay away from the temptation. Unlike the ability that can be gained through hard efforts, the privilege can be easily accessed through ＂unusual ways＂. Therefore, it is time to open a series of ＂power rehabilitation center＂, just like the ＂drug rehabilitation center＂ I saw in Yunnan, before or while they ＂put the power in the cage＂. Otherwise, the key is still in their hands, who can guarantee that they will not let themselves out some day?
