人类世城市生态系统:其概念、定义和支持城市可持续性和弹性的策略
Novel Urban Ecosystems:Concepts, Definitions and a Strategy to Support Urban Sustainability and Resilience
作者:杰克•埃亨Jack AHERN
摘要
21世纪是一个充满着前所未有的根本性变化和新轨迹的时代—想想气候变化、全球经济、人口迁移和人口增长。当今的世界以城市为主导,而且这一趋势将一直持续到本世纪中叶,据预计,届时约70%的全球人口将生活在城市。世界已经进入了一个全新的地质时代—人类世,人类的影响和创造已被认定为一种地质力。在这个“属于城市的世纪”中,为了使世界拥有可持续性和弹性,城市是解决方案的关键所在—而且,人类世城市生态系统将发挥至关重要的作用。本文提出了21世纪“人类世”城市自然的新的概念、定义和类型,并以此为基础,提出了一种人类世城市生态系统策略,以为城市可持续性和弹性的实现提供必要的生态系统服务。这一人类世自然策略是在景观和城市生态的基础之上提出的,该策略需要结合城市景观设计学实践,在“设计好的实验”中进行系统性协作。这些设计好的实验对于人类世城市生态系统的必要性体现在:1)对创新性设计的绩效进行监测,以提供必要的生态系统服务;2)降低不可避免的生态系统危害;3)建立公众对于人类世城市生态系统新类型和新模式的理解和支持。
关键词
人类世城市生态系统;城市弹性;城市景观;生态系统服务;景观绩效;适应性设计
Abstract
The 21st century is already known for unprecedented and fundamental changes and new trajectories — think climate change, global economics, migration and population growth. The world is now predominantly urban and will become increasingly so until mid-century when global population is expected to stabilize at around 70% urban. The world has entered a new geological era, the Anthropocene, in which the impacts and artifacts of humans are recognized as a geologic force. In this “Century of the City,” for the world to be sustainable and resilient, cities must be an essential part of the solution — and novel urban ecosystems will play a fundamental role. A new conception, definition, and typology of 21st century “novel” urban nature is proposed here as the basis for a novel urban ecosystem strategy to provide essential ecosystem services to support urban sustainability and resilience. This proposed novel nature strategy is informed by landscape and urban ecology and collaborates systematically in “designed experiments” with urban landscape architecture practice. Designed experiments on novel urban ecosystem are necessary to: 1) monitor the performance of innovative designs to provide essential ecosystem services; 2) to mitigate the inescapable ecosystem disservices; and 3) to build public understanding and support for new types and new models of novel urban ecosystems.
Key words
Novel Urban Ecosystems; Urban Resilience; Urban Landscapes; Ecosystem Services; Landscape Performance; Adaptive Design
迎接地球和谐时代的到来
Towards Human-Nature Harmony
作者:侯甬坚Yongjian HOU
摘要
本文试图在人类惯常的思考方式—过去、现在和未来三种时态之间建立连贯性认识,以切入农业、工业和公元2000年以来三个时代的内容,集中就每一时态里的时代特征、人类与自然的关系展开近乎白描式的书写,以此来探求人类世概念的内涵、厚待人类世地球生态系统的路径。
人类世Ⅰ~Ⅲ分别为农业时代(农业起源至1769年)、工业时代(1769~2000年)、地球和谐时代(2000年至今后)。有史以来,在自然界中的人类活动已充分体现了人类智能所拥有的强大力量。人类及其创造与地球生态系统早已密不可分,且长期兼具生产者、消费者和分解者多种角色;人类只有恰当地运用科学、技术和工业手段,整个社会才会迎来地球和谐时代。
关键词
人类世Ⅰ~Ⅲ;地球和谐时代;地球生态系统;历史认知
Abstract
This paper connects human interventions on the land through three eras: agricultural, industrial, and a new era, which began around 2000. By examining the relationships of humans to nature during each period, the author attempts to improve human-nature relationships in the context of the Anthropocene, while bringing productive and healing changes to both.
In this paper, the agricultural era begins with the rise of organized agricultural production and lasts until 1769. It is followed by a shorter period of industrialization (1769 ~ 2000) and ends at the start of the new millennium, which the paper proposes as the beginning of a new era of human-nature harmony. Despite dominating planet level changes, human activity is mutually dependent on the natural environment, and humans have long been producers, consumers, and decomposers. With our current reliance on science and technology, we will only enter a new era of human-nature relationships, or a“harmonious” era when the whole society — human and nonhuman — is truly integrated.
Key words
AnthropoceneⅠ~Ⅲ; Era of Human-Nature Harmony; Earth’s Ecosystem; Historical Cognition
新的城市设计感知力:一种可为全球不断增长的人口提供空间的科学途径
A New City Design Sensibility: A Science Based Approach to Accommodating Rising Global Populations
作者:
卡梅伦•巴瑞戴尔,菲利普•恩奎斯特,保罗•欧科纳,德鲁•温斯利Cameron BARRADALE,Philip ENQUIST,Paul O’CONNOR,Drew WENSLEY
摘要
我们看到了一个不同的未来……
据预测,到2050年时,地球上将有约97亿人口—大致占全球人口的66%—居住在城市。随着人口爆炸和飞速的人口城市化,设计在为人类提供优质的生活空间这一方面变得日益重要;同时,设计还需谨慎负责地利用全球资源,以保持我们人类和地球家园的健康。未来的弹性城市一定是诞生于并从其环境中得到支持;反过来,如果我们人类想要以某一物种的身份在地球上蓬勃发展,那么我们便必须尊重、提升并保护供我们所有人类生存发展的自然生态系统。
因此,我们必须探索一种新的城市设计感知力,这种感知力再度强调人类要服从于自然的力量,并迫使设计者、决策者和科学家对我们的选择进行重新评估—这些评估应更加基于需要消耗多少来自我们周遭环境的投入,并要求我们进行更为系统的思考,而非盲目追求好看。这种探索城市设计的新方式,使科学和生态得以决定城市形式,而非反过来由形式所决定。
关键词
可持续的都市主义;科学;技术;生态;城市设计;生态系统
Abstract
We see a different future….
It is projected that by the year 2050, about 9.7 billion people, roughly 66% of humans on our planet, will live in cities. As populations swell and our population urbanizes rapidly, design becomes ever important in providing quality places for people to live, while responsibly leveraging global resources to maintain the health of our people and planet. The resilient cities of the future must be born and supported from the strength of their environment, and in turn if we are to thrive as a species we must respect, enhance and protect the natural systems that support us all.
Therefore, we must explore a new city design sensibility that once again subordinates mankind to the power of nature, and compels designers, policy makers and scientists to re-evaluate choices based more on input from the environments that surround us and systems-based thinking rather than our opinion of what is beautiful. The new way to approach city design allows science and ecology to shape its form, rather than allowing form to shape the ecology.
Key words
Sustainable Urbanism; Science; Technology; Ecology; City Design; Ecosystem
《多极:极地中的空间实践》节选
Excerpt from Many Norths: Spatial Practice in a Polar Territory
作者:罗拉•谢泼德,梅森•怀特Lola SHEPPARD,Mason WHITE
摘要
居住在加拿大北极地区的因纽特人近千年来都对季节性气候类型、物种迁徙路线,以及土地和环境有着敏锐的了解,而他们的日常生活也需要与这些因素相协调。如今,随着气候条件的变化,地缘政治的纷争和资源开发型经济的发展,加拿大北部地区无论从环境、文化还是经济上来讲,都是一个正剧烈变化着的生态系统。这种严酷而又脆弱的环境要求当地居民采取标准化、创新式的空间实践活动,数个世纪以来他们通过不断适应,使得传统和现代两种生活方式得以共存。《多极:极地中的空间实践》一书所记录的实践活动在土地上留下了或永久或短暂的印迹;这些活动有的是当地古老传承下来的,有的是近期出现、经过精心筹划的;所有这些活动要么受季节性和全球性变化所影响,要么是这些变化的产物。所有实践活动均具有深深扎根于本土生态系统之中的、与众不同的创新性,使得加拿大北部地区的居民已经能够在该地区生活,进而建造居所、促进流动和获取资源。
关键词
《多极:极地中的空间实践》;加拿大北极地区;空间实践;环境
Abstract
For the Inuit living in the Canadian Arctic, daily life has been, for millennia, finely tuned to seasonal weather patterns, species migration routes and a keen knowledge of the land and environment. Today, with changing climatic conditions, geopolitical negotiations and the opening up of resource economies, the Canadian North is a dramatically changing ecosystem — environmentally, culturally and economically. This harsh and fragile environment has required calibrated and innovative spatial practices by its inhabitants, who have continued to adapt over centuries, enabling traditional and contemporary ways of life to co-habit. Some of the practices documented in Many Norths: Spatial Practice in a Polar Territory leave permanent physical imprints on the land, others are impermanent; some are indigenous, while others are more recent and engineered; and all are subject to, or product of, seasonal and global forces of transformation. Together, these practices give a sense of the unique innovations, deeply embedded in the local ecosystem, that Northerners have developed to enable life in the region; to provide shelter, facilitate mobility, and harvest resources.
Key words
Many Norths: Spatial Practice in a Polar Territory; Canadian Arctic; Spatial Practice; Environment
宁波生态走廊深度观察:不断演替的植物群落
Observing Ningbo Eco-Corridor: Evolving Planting Communities
作者:张志维Chih-Wei G. V. CHANG
摘要
本文介绍了天然植物群落与人工植物群落的差别,并指出,人类世生态系统如果能够借鉴天然植物群落,将显现出更强的功能性。作者将宁波生态走廊一期项目作为第一手观察对象,在文章中分享了创建无论在水平方向还是垂直方向上都更具弹性的植物群落的经验。该项目还以文化语言定义并阐释了连系起自然与宁波市民的种植设计。
关键词
人类世生态环境;种植设计;植物群落;宁波生态走廊
Abstract
This article describes the difference between wild and cultivated planting communities and argues that novel ecosystems could be more functional as long as they learn from the plant community developed in nature. Using Ningbo Eco-Corridor Phase I as firsthand observation object, the author shares the experiences in building more resilient planting communities, horizontally and vertically. The project also frames and translates planting design in a cultural language that reconnects wilderness and people of Ningbo.
Key words
Novel Ecology; Planting Design; Plant Community; Ningbo Eco-Corridor
加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省詹姆斯岛景观规划与设计
Landscape Planning and Design for James Island in British Columbia, Canada
作者:Design Workshop设计事务所 Design Workshop, Inc.
摘要
在一个世代内,一座原始的无人岛在人类的扩张欲望下,因入侵物种和工厂建设遭受了几近无可挽回的破坏。然而,通过广泛的治理、深思熟虑的规划,和坚持不懈致力于保护的决心,詹姆斯岛成为了在脆弱生态系统中开发敏感居住模式的范例。
关键词
詹姆斯岛;保护;生态系统;治理;社区
Abstract
Within a generation, a once pristine uninhabited island was almost irreparably destroyed by invasive species and a factory for the worst of human nature. Yet, through extensive remediation, thoughtful planning, and an unwavering commitment to conservation, James Island becomes a beacon for sensitive living in fragile ecosystems.
Key words
James Island; Conservation; Ecosystem; Remediation; Community
马来西亚森林城市总体规划
Forest City Malaysia Master Plan
作者:Sasaki设计事务所 Sasaki Associates
摘要
在马来西亚南部地区,无规划的发展和被放任的城市蔓延令脆弱的生态环境面临严重威胁。森林城市项目旨在为新的国际都市探索出一种新的模式,通过广泛合作和公众对话,对生态、社会和经济效益的综合考虑,以及精妙的设计安排,为实现人类与自然的整合建立一种富有前瞻性的方法。
关键词
森林城市;总体规划;生态系统;社会与经济效益
Abstract
In Southern Malaysia, fragile ecologies are threatened by unplanned development and unchecked suburban sprawl. Forest City seeks to create a model for a new global city by establishing a forward-looking approach to the integration of humans and nature through extensive collaboration and public dialogue, comprehensive consideration of ecological, social and economic benefits, and delicate design choreography.
Key words
Forest City; Master Plan; Ecosystem; Social and Economic Benefits
费耶特维尔2030:食物之城设计方案
Fayetteville 2030: Food City Scenario
作者:阿肯色大学社区设计中心 University of Arkansas Community Design Center
摘要
如果一个城市想要食物自给,那么它需要建设怎样的基础设施?食物之城对全国食物安全形势最为严峻的地区建立在弹性、恢复性的城市化模式之上的未来进行了展望。食物之城为恢复规模介于独立菜园和产业化农场之间且目前尚缺失的中等规模都市农业设计了一套典型的农业生态学语汇。这种缺失的中等规模的食物厂区以绿色基础设施、公共种植景观,以及食物加工和运输空间为主要组成部分,承担着生态性和市政性的实用功能。与目前特设的生产实践不同,下一阶段的都市农业包含大规模的保护区、快速的营养管理和市政垃圾的升级回收。食物之城有借鉴意义的一套规划方法不仅有助于在美国的城市化进程中植入高质量的食物产品,也展示了城市基础设施同时提供重要的生态系统服务的途径。
关键词
都市农业;城市设计;农业生态学;城市基础设施
Abstract
What kind of infrastructure would a city have to develop if it cultivated its own food? Food City envisions a future based upon resilient and recuperative forms of urbanism in a region with the nation’s highest food insecurity. Food City devises a model agroecological vocabulary for reclaiming a missing middle scale of urban agriculture between that of the individual garden and the industrial farm. This missing middle foodshed functions as an ecological municipal utility featuring green infrastructures, public growscapes, and spaces for food processing and distribution. Beyond current ad hoc production practices, the next stage of urban agriculture includes large-scale conservation, accelerated nutrient management, and upcycling of municipal waste. Food City’s transferable set of planning tools not only assists to embed high-quality food production into American urbanism, but shows how urban infrastructure can also deliver important ecosystem services.
Key words
Urban Agriculture; Urban Design; Agroecology; Urban Infrastructure
美国加尔维斯顿岛西部地区风暴潮防护基础设施景观整合
Landscape Integration for Storm Surge Barrier Infrastructure: WESTERN Galveston Island, USA
作者:格伦•纽曼,郭芮丝,张祎珣,埃里克•巴登哈根,金埈铉 Galen NEWMAN, Grace GUO, Yixun ZHANG, Eric BARDENHAGEN, Jun-Hyun KIM
摘要
该项目以美国德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿岛西部地区为研究场地,探索整合风暴潮防护系统和海岸景观的设计途径。其利用岛上的4处目标场地,进行了综合性总体规划,并提出了堤岸整合的设计策略和参考准则。
关键词
风暴潮;飓风;弹性;景观生态学;洪水衰减
Abstract
This project uses western Galveston Island, Texas, USA to explore design options for integrating a projective storm surge barrier system into the coastal landscape. The design creates a comprehensive master plan by using four target sites on the island, develops design strategies for barrier integration, and suggests principles for successful integration.
Key words
Storm Surge; Hurricanes; Resilience; Landscape Ecology; Flood Attenuation
攀升:沿卡利甘达基河溯流至世界屋顶
ASCENT: Following the Kali Gandaki to the Roof of the World
作者:戴恩•卡尔森Dane CARLSON
摘要
“非现代景观”作为一项景观设计学行业和学术领域内的研究对象,几乎完全为人们所遗忘。针对全球为数不多的现存非现代景观,本研究旨在提出一些有关观察和记录它们的方法的建议,从而扭转这一情况。坐落于尼泊尔卡利甘达基河谷至高点的木斯塘地区,将作为本文中展示方法论的案例。步行观察和记录是这一方法论探究的基础:本研究指出,质地、材料性、文化意识和个体直觉等因素在构建非现代景观的过程中,等同或超越了通过数字化场外分析所获得的数据的现实意义。在对我们所忽略的这些景观展开研究时,景观表现也起到非常重要的作用。景观表现的演化不仅呈现了项目在不同尺度之间、研究进程中的不同时间点之间的变化,还呈现出了一个从可触知的实体到几乎无法感知的无边无际的界面,其处于一个起源于地球洪荒时代的,拥有涂抹着鲜艳的泥土色调的神圣石堆的景观之中。
关键词
非现代景观;乡土景观;文化景观;喜马拉雅;表现
Abstract
Nonmodern landscape has been almost entirely neglected as a subject of study within the professional and academic pursuit of landscape architecture. This work intends to reverse this trend through the proposal of methods for observation and documentation of the world’s few extant nonmodern landscapes. Upper Mustang, located in the highest reaches of Nepal’s Kali Gandaki river valley, is presented here as a methodological case study. Observation and documentation on foot lie at the foundations of this methodological exploration: this work confirms that texture, materiality, cultural consciousness, and individual perception equal or surpass the relevance of data gathered through digital, off-site analysis in building a narrative of nonmodern landscape. Representation also plays a critical role in the study of these landscapes neglected by our field: evolution of project representation illustrates movement between scales, points in time during project research, and the interface between tangible materiality and almost imperceptible vastness in a landscape where sacred cairns, painted with vivid earthen hues, rise from the primordial earth.
Key words
Nonmodern Landscape; Vernacular Landscape; Cultural Landscape; Himalaya; Representation
行星模拟景观:景观、太空探索、虚构场景设计
Terrestrial Analogues: Landscapes, Space Exploration, and Design Fiction
作者:肯•崇苏瓦特Ken CHONGSUWAT
摘要
在地球上模拟月球或火星等天体在过去或现在某一特定时期的地质特征、环境属性和生物条件的景观,称为“行星模拟景观”。这类模拟场地被用于进行太空探索领域内的相关活动,包括研究在其他星球上观察到的地质和生物过程,以及为宇航员在天体表面活动进行准备。
本项目以距离亚利桑那州弗拉格斯塔夫市19.3km处的火山渣湖坑场为研究对象。该场地曾为美国国家宇航局提供了一个绝佳的“月球模拟景观”,即地球上某一块与月球的地质条件和地形特征极为相似的区域。该地区地表覆盖的玄武岩火山渣与阿波罗11号选定的月球着陆点“静海”的地表物质完全相同。1968年,美国地质勘探局的天文地质学研究小组参照卫星照片,在此模拟打造了月坑群。
本文将探讨该项目的历史、场地的重新规划与设计:从一个为模拟月球环境及登月演习而诞生的场所,到其伴随阿波罗计划的衰落与重启而变迁的历史,再到如今以露天博物馆公园这种独特形式吸引公众参与的新生场地—“月球公园”。
关键词
行星模拟景观;月球地质学;虚构场景设计;天文地质学
Abstract
Terrestrial Analogues are sites on Earth with an assumed past or present geological, environmental or biological conditions of a celestial body such as the Moon or Mars. Analogue sites are used in the frame of space exploration to study geological or biological processes observed on other planets and to prepare astronauts for surface activity.
The project focuses on the Cinder Lakes crater field, a terrestrial analogue located 13 miles from Flagstaff, Arizona which offered NASA the perfect location for a lunar analogue, a portion of Earth used to simulate lunar geology and topography. The area is covered in basaltic cinders, the same material that covers Mare Tranquillitatis, the landing site for the Apollo 11 mission. In 1968, using satellite photographs, the USGS's Astrogeology Division sculpted lunar craters within the site.
This article will explore the project from its history to the reprogramming and design of the site. From a site that once used for simulations and routine fieldwork rehearsal to the dissolution and rejuvenation of the Apollo program and how in its new form, will engage the public through an open-air museum park, the “Lunar Field.”
Key words
Terrestrial Analogues; Lunar Geology; Design Fiction; Astrogeology