《景观设计学》2018年第3期

俞孔坚•复兴古老智慧，建设绿色基础设施——《景观设计学》2018年第3期“主编寄语”

Green Infrastructure through the Revival of Ancient Wisdom, By Kongjian Yu

由钢筋混凝土制成的灰色基础设施尽管本意是连接我们所生活的世界，但很多时候却扼杀了人类与自然以及多种自然过程之间的深层联系。而与之相对的绿色基础设施或生态基础设施则凝结着古代农民的生态智慧。20多年来，我试图复兴这些古老的智慧，并把它们与现代科学技术相结合，以解决当今城市的生态问题。由此形成的解决方案既实施简单、造价低廉，又不失美观，并已在中国及其他国家和地区的200余座城市中进行了大规模应用。

灰色基础设施与破碎的连接

人们可能认为，由于脸书和微信等社交工具的迅速发展，以及无处不在的高速公路和管道设施，我们所处的世界在网络层面和物理层面的联系都比以往更加紧密。然而事实并非如此。很多研究已经表明，较之以往，人们与所属社区更为脱离，邻里之间或亲属之间亦愈发疏远。

在物理层面，供人们所栖居的景观之间似乎存在着显著关联，例如，马路连接着城乡居民的住所；输电线将发电站与单个家庭相连；排水管道连接起了厕所与污水处理厂；输送饮用水的管道将水库与厨房相连；发达的航运网络使得南半球的农产品能够迅速运抵北半球的冰箱中；高速公路上运载肥料和除草剂的卡车则将东部城市中的工厂与西部山区中种植稻谷的农民连接起来……我们创造了一个紧密相连的世界，但这种联系却是脆弱的：景观基质及其无形的演变过程已变得支离破碎。水、营养物质、食物、能源、各类物种及人类之间不曾间歇的迁移和循环过程已被打破。与此同时，空气、水、土壤、营养物质、各物种及人类之间的隐形关联也遭受了空前的不良扰动。

以水资源为例，在中国，已有超过75％的地表水遭受污染，全国有近一半的城市面临洪水和城市内涝的威胁，存在缺水问题的城市占比高达60%。华北平原的地下水位每年下降超过1m，过去50年间有50%的湿地消失。所有这些影响着城市和景观的问题—特别是与水循环相关的问题—实际上是相互关联的，但常规的解决方案却是碎片化的、孤立的和单一的，即只注重修建灰色基础设施。我们建设污水处理厂，清除了原本可以用作农作物肥料的营养物质；我们每年花费数十亿美元建造防洪堤、大坝和管道以控制雨洪，但最终却使得干旱、地下水位下降和栖息地消失等问题更加严峻。南水北调工程修建了数千公里的沟渠，意在从水资源丰富的南方引水到干旱缺水的北方，但却对长江中下游地区的生态造成了极大的破坏；装饰性花园与景观以及农田施肥过度，导致过剩的营养物质流入河流和湖泊，污染了整个水系统。以上问题常见的解决方案依旧是片面的—修建污水处理厂。可污水处理厂净水工序繁复且成本高昂，需要大量的能源（主要来自燃煤）来支持运行，这只会使空气污染和水污染问题更加

严峻。

建设绿色基础设施或生态基础设施或许是更为合适的替代方案，它将在人与自然之间，以及多种自然过程和能量流动过程之间建立起更为深层的连接。

农民的古老智慧

人类文化与自然之间永恒的相互依存关系显著体现于农民与农田的联系之中。因此，重建人与自然之间深刻联系的另一种方法即是从农民的智慧—造田、灌溉、施肥、种植和收获中获取灵感。几千年来，这些农业生产活动在有效地维持人类生存和繁衍的同时，也已经大规模改变了景观。

其中一类典型的农民智慧是采用土方挖填（随挖随填）的方法造田。作为农务活动的一环，挖方和填方应被视为一个整体，而不是两道分开的工序，这意味着农耕过程中的土方工程都是现场即时行为，它最大限度地降低了劳动力成本，减少了现场物料运输量，因此，对该地区自然过程和格局的影响也降至最低。世界范围内几乎所有地区的农民都采用这种方法，将不适合耕种的环境转变为可生产和宜居的景观。

第二类古老的农民智慧蕴含在水资源管理和田地灌溉中。当代农业和城市绿化中的灌溉主要通过埋入地下的管道和水泵系统来实现，灌溉过程既不受周边地形的影响，也不涉及水资源的可利用与否。而传统农耕的灌溉方式却深深扎根于自然过程和格局之中。数千年的农业生产经验使得灌溉成为了农业社会中最先进的技术之一。利用重力作用灌溉是一种高超的智慧，在这一过程中，自然与微妙的人为干预之间的平衡能够将科学知识转化为一种艺术形式或社区建设的互动媒介，甚至是精神力量。

第三类农民智慧是施肥。这是传统农业系统中一个神奇的组成部分，是闭合人类生产和生活材料之循环过程的关键环节。来自人类生活和畜牧养殖的所有废弃物及植物材料都可作为肥料回收利用。但这种养分循环系统在城市化和工业化环境中已遭破坏。以往农民眼中的肥料如今却被定义为河湖“污染物”。

第四类农民智慧来自于农业种植和收获实践。与园艺中注重装饰效果的种植和修剪不同，农业种植方法更加注重作物的产量。在农业种植过程中，首先需要播种，接下来的管理过程则遵循大自然的节律，以求适应于周围的环境和条件。同时，传统农业经济自给自足的性质也要求每个家庭种植粮食、蔬菜、水果，以及可加工成纤维、药材、木材、燃料，甚至肥料等的多种作物。这些作物的产量需与各个家庭的季节性需求成正比，并且不应逾越自然承载力和人的能力范围。而农业活动中收获的意义也远不止于食物和产品的生产本身，它在保育土壤、净化水质、保持土壤健康等方面均成效不凡。换言之，农田是净生产者，而非能源和资源的净消费者。

尽管这并不意味着我们应该放弃舒适的城市生活，回归较为原始的农业生产生活，但传统农民的生产和生活方式中所蕴含的智慧是重塑自然与人类需求之间关系、平衡自然过程和文化干预的根本基础，它们将帮助恢复人与自然的和谐关系。

复兴古老智慧，建设绿色基础设施

试想一下，如果我们不通过管道和水泵排走雨水，而是借鉴农民在造田过程中运用的古老智慧来打造城市雨水管理系统，营造能留住雨水的绿色海绵，创造多样的栖息地，补给地下水，我们的城市会有怎样的面貌？通过这种方法，城市绿地将变为可用于调节城市环境、提供多种生态系统服务的生态基础设施，赋予城市韧性以应对洪涝和干旱等灾害；人们在城市中即可获取洁净的水源和食物；生物多样性大幅提高；城市居民可以在绿地系统中慢跑、通勤和休憩；房地产价值也会因优美的自然环境和更多接触自然的机会而相应升高。这就是过去20多年里我们在许多城市所做的尝试—将原有城市改造成海绵城市。

试想一下，如果我们不再使用坚硬的混凝土防洪高墙，而重拾农民的古老智慧，在河岸构建由植被覆盖的梯田，以适应水流的起伏变化，我们的城市将会如何？诸如陂塘、低堰等生态友好型举措有助于减缓水流，让自然实现自我滋养；同时，植被和野生动物在多样化的栖息地中繁育生长，并通过生物过程吸收养分！这就是我们在许多中国城市中为修复母亲河所做的尝试。

试想一下，如果富营养化的河湖可以通过作为生活基础设施的景观进行清洁—就像农民回收有机废物一样，而无需利用污水处理厂这类昂贵的设施来去除营养物质，我们的城市将会如何？在获取洁净水源的同时，植被的生长也会更加繁茂，当地的生物多样性将会大幅改善，同时为城市居民开辟大量休憩空间。如此，城市绿地将成为能源和水资源的生产者，而非消费者。这就是我们为缓解水污染问题而创造的生命的景观。

试想一下，如果工业棕地能够通过自然过程变为绿意盎然的城市绿地，其间借鉴古老智慧构建的陂塘－堰坝系统可用于收集雨水（而非通过管道排放）、滋养植被，被污染的土壤也在这一过程中得以修复，那么我们的城市将会如何？与此同时，工业构筑物也将作为文化遗产保留在城市肌理中。由此，一种极具特色的景观应运而生，它既包含生机勃勃的乡土植被，又便于人们触摸过去的记忆。这对城市居民而言有着极大的吸引力，不仅因为它的美丽，也因为它在城市中保留了多样的野生生命气息。这就是我们在工业城市中所做的努力。

试想一下，如果我们将一些城市土地恢复为生产性景观，而不是昂贵的草坪或观赏花园，那么食物将不再需要长途运输便可轻易获得，那时，我们的城市将会如何？让水稻、向日葵和豆类在城市中生长，让太阳和月亮告诉人们播种和收获的时间，让城市居民注意到节律的变化，让年轻人了解作物生长的过程，让庄稼的美丽得到欣赏！这不仅能使我们的城市更加丰产和可持续，而且还滋养了一种新的美学和新的关于土地和食物的伦理。这就是我们在一些中国城市中所做的尝试。

通过重拾造田、灌溉、施肥、种植和收获等古老农业智慧，并将这些智慧与当代科学及艺术相结合，我们能够建立一种新型基础设施—以自然为本的、替代传统灰色基础设施的绿色基础设施—以解决当今城市环境所面临的各种问题，尤其是与水资源管理相关的问题。人类与自然的相处是一门生存的艺术，它应当成本低廉又简便易行、惬意而美好。

_注释

_{本文根据作者在美国艺术与科学院院士大会上的特邀报告整理而成，英文原文发表于2017年《美国艺术与科学学院公报》中。}

Gray infrastructures made of steel and concrete, which we built to connect our physical world, are fragile constructs that are destroying the real and deep connections between human beings and nature, and among various natural processes and flows. The alternative is green infrastructure or ecological infrastructure, the construction of which can be inspired by the ancient wisdom of peasantry. For the past twenty years, I have tried to revive such wisdoms, and combine them with modern sciences and technologies to solve some of the most vexed environmental problems in today’s cities, particularly around water. The solutions are simple, inexpensive, and beautiful, and have been applied on a massive and extensive scale in over two hundred cities in China and beyond.

Gray Infrastructure and Broken Connections

Some people may think that our world, through built infrastructure, is more connected digitally and physically than ever before: we have Facebook and WeChat on the one hand, and ubiquitous highways and pipelines on the other. But actually the opposite is true. Research has proved that more than ever we are disconnected from the communities we belong to, and we have alienated ourselves from our neighbors and from those we love.

Physically, the landscapes that we inhabit are visibly interconnected: motorways connect urban and rural settlements; power lines that transport energy connect power stations to individual families; pipelines that drain waste water connect our toilets to sewage treatment plants; aqueducts that transport drinking water connect reservoirs to our kitchens; airlines that transport food connect the farm in the southern hemisphere to the refrigerators in the north; trucks that carry fertilizers and herbicides on the highways connect city factories in the east with the peasants who farm in the rice paddies in the mountainous west. We have created a connected world, but these connections are false: the landscape matrix and its invisible processes are fragmented and disconnected. The movement and cycles of water, nutrients, food, energy, species, and people are broken. The interconnected relationship between air, water, soil, nutrient, species, and people is being disturbed, and in a harmful way, more than ever before.

Let me offer an example concerning water. Over 75 percent of the surface water in China is polluted; half of China’s cities are facing floods and urban inundation; and over 60 percent of China’s cities do not have enough water for drinking and for other uses. The groundwater table in the North China Plain drops over one meter each year; and over 50 percent of the wetland habitats have been lost in the past fifty years. All these water-cycle related issues that impact our cities and our landscapes are actually interconnected, but the conventional infrastructural solutions designed to solve these problems are fragmented, isolated, and single-minded. We build water treatment plants to remove the nutrients that could be used in fertilizers for farming; billions of dollars are spent yearly on the construction of concrete dikes, dams, and pipes to control floods and stormwaters, but these structures eventually result in fiercer droughts, declines in groundwater levels, and habitat loss; a thousand-mile-long aqueduct built to divert water from Southern to Northern China caused serious damage to the ecosystem in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin; ornamental gardens and landscapes as well as agricultural fields are over-fertilized and all those nutrients flush into the water system, polluting the rivers and the lakes. And again, the conventional solution is single-minded-build expensive water treatment plants that consume huge amounts of energy (mainly from coal burning) to operate, which in turn create more air pollution and water pollution.

An alternative solution might be the construction of green infrastructure, or ecological infrastructure, which creates a deep and true connection between man and nature and among various natural processes and flows.

The Ancient Wisdom of Peasantry

The connections between peasants and their farmlands demonstrate the timeless interdependence of human culture and nature. One alternative to rebuilding deep connections between human beings and nature and among various natural processes comes from the wisdoms of peasantry, such as field-making, irrigating, fertilizing, growing, and harvesting, which have transformed landscapes on a large scale and sustained humanity for thousands of years.

One category of peasantry wisdom is the making of fields through a cut-and-fill action. The peasants’ approach to cut and fill is one integrated action, meaning the earthworks created for farming happen on-site, with minimum costs for labor and minimum material transportation. It has, therefore, a minimum impact on the natural processes and patterns in the region. This tactic has been implemented by peasants in almost all parts of the world as a way to transform their otherwise unsuitable environments into productive and livable landscapes.

The second category of ancient peasantry wisdom lies in managing water and irrigating the fields. Modern methods of irrigation used in both farming and landscaping are represented by a system of pipes and pumps that is nearly invisible. It does not relate to surrounding terrain and available water resources. The peasants’ approach to irrigation is deeply rooted in natural processes and patterns. Thousands of years of farming experience has made irrigation one of the most sophisticated techniques in agricultural societies. The use of gravity to irrigate the field requires precise knowledge, and the harmony between nature and subtle human intervention can turn such a serious science into an art form, an interactive medium of community building, and even a spiritual force.

The third category of peasantry wisdom is fertilizing. It is a magical component of traditional farming and a critical link, closing the circle by reusing the materials of human living. All wastes from humans and domestic animals as well as vegetative materials are recycled into fertilizers. Such a nutrient cycle is broken in our urbanized and industrialized settings. What peasants call fertilizers is today defined as “pollutants” in our lakes and rivers.

The fourth category of peasantry wisdom is growing and harvesting. Unlike planting and pruning in gardening to create a pleasant ornamental form, the peasants’ approach to planting is focused on productivity. Planting begins with the sowing of seeds, and the management process follows nature’s rhythm as a strategy of adaptation to the surrounding climate and conditions. Again, the self-sufficient nature of ancient agricultural economies requires each household to grow diverse crops, including grains, vegetables, and fruits, and those which could be processed into fibers, medicines, timber, fuel, and even fertilizers proportionately to families’ seasonal needs, and within the limits of nature and human capabilities. The meaning of harvest goes far beyond the production of foods and products. Harvests are productive in terms of their capacity to enrich the soil, purify the water, and make the land healthy. In other words, the peasants’ fields are net producers instead of net consumers of energy and resources.

This is not to say that one should give up the comfort of urbanization and go back to a peasant’s primitive life. These essential features of peasantry illuminate the underlying basis for rebuilding the connections between nature and human desires and balancing natural processes and cultural intervention, and help us reclaim the harmonious relationships between human beings and nature.

Revival of the Ancient Wisdom to Create an Alternative Infrastructure

Imagine what our cities would look like if we did not drain rainwater away through pipes and pumps, but instead used the ancient wisdom of peasantry in field-making to create a green sponge in the city that retains the rainwater, supporting diverse habitats and recharging the aquifer. In this way, the green spaces in the city become an ecological infrastructure that provides multiple ecosystem services, regulating the urban environment to be resilient to flood or drought and allowing clean water and food to be produced right in the middle of the city. Biodiversity would be enhanced dramatically; urban residents would have a green network for jogging, commuting, and relaxing; and real estate values would increase because of the beauty of, and access to, nature! That is what we have tried to do in many cities in the past twenty years: to transform the city into a sponge city.

Imagine what our cities would look like if we abandon the high and rigid concrete flood walls, and instead revive the ancient wisdom of peasantry and create vegetated terraces at the river banks that adapt to the up and down of the water flow. Eco-friendly solutions like ponds and low weirs are designed to slow down the flow of water and let nature take time to nourish itself, so that diverse habitats can be created that enrich vegetation and wild life, allowing nutrients to be absorbed by the biological processes! That is what we have done to restore rivers and lakes in many Chinese cities.

Imagine what our cities would look like if the nutrient-rich (eutrophic) river and lake water could be cleansed through the landscape as a living system, in the way that peasants have recycled organic waste, instead of using expensive sewage plants to remove the nutrients. We could produce clean water and nourish the lush vegetation. Native biodiversity could be improved. We could turn recreational spaces into urban parks and, in this way, urban green spaces could become producers instead of consumers of energy and water. That is what we have done to transform polluted water bodies into landscapes as living systems.

Imagine what our cities would look like if industrial brown fields are recovered by the processes of nature, where the ancient wisdom of the pond-and-dyke system is adapted to create a terrain that collects rainwater (instead of draining it away through pipes) and initiates the evolution of a plant community, remediating the contaminated soil during this process. At the same time, the industrial structures are preserved as sites of cultural heritage in the city. A unique landscape is created, featuring dynamic native vegetation and a touchable memory of the past, which attract urban residents for its beauty as well as the diverse wild life. This is what we have done in several industrial cities.

Imagine what our cities would look like if we turn some of the urban land back into productive landscapes instead of into expensive lawns or ornamental gardens, so that the long-distance transportation of food can be reduced. Let the rice, sunflowers, and beans be grown in the city, let the sun and moon tell the time for sowing and harvesting, let the seasonal changes be noticed by the urban residents, let the process of food growing be known to the young, and let the beauty of crops be appreciated! This will not only make our city more productive and sustainable, but nourish a new aesthetic and a new ethics of land and food. This is what we have done in some Chinese cites.

By reviving the ancient wisdoms of field making, irrigating, fertilizing, growing, and harvesting, and integrating these wisdoms with the contemporary sciences and arts, we are able to build alternative infrastructures, nature-based green infrastructures to replace the conventional gray infrastructures, to solve some of the problems in today’s urban environment, particularly around water. Living with nature is inexpensive and easy, comfortable and beautiful, and is an art of survival.

_Note

_{This article was first published in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Bulletin in 2017.}

主编寄语

复兴古老智慧，建设绿色基础设施（俞孔坚）

论文

北大景观对于中国传统生态智慧及其复兴的研究（张蕾）

观点与评论

重拾传统智慧（杨庭硕）

关注生态人类学，重视文化适应研究（尹绍亭）

部落文明视角下的建造实践（谢英俊）

生态实践中的传承与创新——中国城市科学研究会景观学与美丽中国建设专业委员会座谈会纪实（《景观设计学》编辑部）

主题实践

荷兰马肯湖-瓦登海项目：探索自然的建造（熊亮，瑞克·德·菲索）

应对环境变化的多功能湿地设计——三峡库区汉丰湖芙蓉坝湾湿地生态系统建设（袁嘉，袁兴中，王晓峰，熊森，刘杨靖）

从棚户区的灰色地带到新城区的韧性湿地——海南三亚东岸湿地公园（拜真，俞文宇，张喻，董恬祎，林国雄）

江苏省南通市石港镇乡村河道生产性景观设计（金晶，江丽，黄奕涵，华莎）

探索与过程

萌发的混合景观与新乡土景观（丹尼·卡尔森）

游耕农民的地方性知识和可持续土地利用的挑战：老挝北部流域管理项目的经验与教训(里见·东)

简讯

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——传统智慧与生态重建

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers • Traditional Wisdom and Ecological Restoration

【作者】张蕾（Lei ZHANG），杨庭硕（Tingshuo YANG），尹绍亭（Shaoting YIN）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】158页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2018年6月

【定价】58.00元

北大景观对于中国传统生态智慧及其复兴的研究

LA PKU’s Research on China’s Traditional Eco-Wisdom and Related Application in Contemporary Landscape Planning and Design

作者：张蕾 Lei ZHANG

摘要

自1997年起，北大景观研究团队对中国传统生态智慧及其复兴开展了一系列研究。本文首先梳理了这些研究的背景和发展历程：早期的研究主要关注“风水”和乡土景观，源于在规划设计实践中理解和回应地方自然与人文过程；2006年，俞孔坚提出景观设计学是一门“生存的艺术”的学科定位，推进了对传统“生存的艺术”的研究及其复兴，旨在为当代景观设计学寻找历史根基，并将研究成果用于解决当代生态环境问题；2014年，“生存的艺术”的研究被进一步推进到对中国传统景观“深邃之形”的探索，即从形式语言与微观和场地尺度的设计策略等角度深入研究传统景观，从中提炼出可用于当代景观设计的语言。在此基础上，本文回顾总结了北大景观在过去20年间取得的主要研究成果，包括传统农业景观、乡土聚落、传统水适应性景观三个方面。

关键词

北大景观；生态智慧；景观规划设计；乡土景观；生存的艺术；水适应性景观

Abstract 

Since 1997, LA PKU has conducted a series of studies on China’s traditional ecological wisdom and related application in contemporary landscape planning and design. This paper first reviews the background and the course of LA PKU’s research: In early years, they studied on Feng-shui and vernacular landscapes that stemmed from their understanding and response to local natural and human processes in planning and design practice; In 2006, Kongjian Yu proposed the concept that Landscape Architecture is a discipline concentrating on the art of survival, which has greatly promoted the study and revival of traditional eco-wisdom, not only providing a historical base for the modern development of Landscape Architecture, but also applying the research results in responding to contemporary environmental and ecological problems; In 2014, developed upon the achievement on the art of survival, LA PKU further explored the deep form of China’s traditional landscapes by studying local spatial forms and design strategies on micro- and site-scales and translating such ecological solutions into China’s contemporary landscape design. The paper also reviews on LA PKU’s important research results over the past two decades, including traditional agricultural landscapes, vernacular settlements, and traditional water-adaptive landscapes.

Key words

LA PKU; Ecological Wisdom; Landscape Planning and Design; Vernacular Landscape; Art of Survival; Water-Adaptive Landscape

重拾传统智慧

Adapting Traditional Wisdom for Present-day Use

作者：杨庭硕 Tingshuo YANG

摘要

受访人杨庭硕为人类学和民族学专家，其从人类社会发展的视角出发，对传统进行了定义和解读，同时指出传统包括三个层次，即与无机自然相关的传统、与有机生态系统相关的传统，以及与社会人文相关的传统，并强调这三个层次各有各的发展规律与延续周期，但又会相互影响。而后，受访人对传统知识和传统智慧进行了辨析，认为传统智慧维度复杂、内容丰富，我们需要以辩证发展观来审视传统智慧的意义，并说明了在科学持续发展、技术不断推陈出新的今天强调传统智慧的意义。最后，受访人指出，传统智慧对当今的环境建设具有积极贡献，这些智慧不仅需要积累和传承，更需要弘扬和创新，以在生态文明建设中获得新的适用可能，这一点尤为紧迫和必要。

关键词

传统智慧；知识；人类社会发展；生态文明建设

Abstract 

Tingshuo Yang, the interviewee, is an anthropologist and ethnologist. He defines traditions from a perspective of human society development and points out that there are three spheres of traditions, including the ones respectively related to inorganic nature, organic ecosystems, and social customs. Traditions in such three spheres are under independent development laws and cycles, while influencing each other. The interviewee also distinguishes traditional knowledge from traditional wisdom and emphasizes that traditional wisdom is complex in dimensions and rich in contents which requires us to examine and define traditional wisdom with a dialectical, developing outlook. He further underlines the significance of applying the wisdoms in traditions though under nowadays unceasing scientific and technological advance. Finally, Yang argues that how to reactivate and apply such wisdoms for present-day use is one of the pressing and necessary tasks that we are facing today.

Key words

Traditional Wisdom; Knowledge; Human Social Development; Ecological Civilization Construction

关注生态人类学，重视文化适应研究

Learning from Ecological Anthropology and Acculturation Studies

作者：尹绍亭 Shaoting YIN

摘要

从人种学、地理学、民族学、人类学，到文化生态学，再到生态人类学，这些关注人与自然关系的学科随时代更迭而逐渐发展和演变。以“生态系统”理论为分析研究工具、“文化适应”概念为核心的生态人类学长期以来聚焦于封闭地域的地方性知识，并整理出了一系列文化适应的传统知识和智慧。在高速发展的时代背景下，无论是作为生态人类学研究成果的地方性知识，还是该学科自身的研究方法都面临着挑战。在访谈中，受访人尹绍亭为我们厘清了生态人类学的起源与内涵，并强调在新时代背景下，我们应深入发掘各民族传统适应方式的精华，努力传承地方性知识和智慧，同时，其也对生态人类学的发展方向给予了建议。

关键词

生态人类学；文化适应；地方性知识；环境；传统

Abstract 

Disciplines from Ethnography, Geography, Ethnology, and Anthropology to Cultural Ecology and Ecological Anthropology have studied the development of human-nature relationships. Ecological Anthropology, which takes ecosystem theories as the analysis tools and acculturation as the core concept, has concentrated on the local knowledge of enclosed territories and the traditional knowledge and wisdom of acculturation. In an era of rapid-development, the local knowledge brought to light by Ecological Anthropology, and the discipline itself, are faced with challenges. The interviewee, Shaoting Yin, clarified the origins and scope of Ecological Anthropology and emphasized the efforts that should be made to understand how accrued local knowledge can be passed down. He also suggested how Ecological Anthropology can continue to develop and change.

Key words

Ecological Anthropology; Acculturation; Local Knowledge; Environment; Tradition

部落文明视角下的建造实践

Construction Practices from the Perspective of Tribal Civilization

作者：谢英俊 Ying-Chun HSIEN

摘要

本次访谈围绕乡村建房实践及对部落文明的讨论展开。受访人谢英俊以河南省兰考县合作建房项目及四川省茂县杨柳村震后重建项目为例，阐释了可持续性这一建造核心原则和居民参与的重要性。他认为在部落文明的视角下，从“匮乏”的维度出发，遵循设计师主体弱化的原则，采用开放系统、简单技术，以及数码化的方法，可以促进公众参与，并更好地利用传统智慧进行建筑营造和社会构建。

关键词

匮乏；可持续性；传统；部落文明；数码化；公众参与

Abstract 

This interview discusses the practice of house building in rural areas and opinions of tribal civilization. Through cooperative building projects in Lankao County, He’nan Province and post-earthquake reconstruction in Yangliu Village of Mao County, Sichuan Province, Ying-Chun Hsieh, the interviewee, explained the importance of sustainability, which is the core principle of construction, and the public participation in community rebuilding. He believed that, from the perspective of tribal civilization and the dimension of scarcity, by reducing the importance of the “expert” designer, and adopting open system, simple techniques, and digitalized approaches, public participation could be promoted and a better integration of traditional wisdom in building and society construction could be achieved.

Key words

Scarcity; Sustainability; Tradition; Tribal Civilization; Digitalization; Public Participation

生态实践中的传承与创新——中国城市科学研究会景观学与美丽中国建设专业委员会座谈会纪实

Inheritance and Innovation in Ecological Practice — Report on the Forum of the Committee of Landscape Architecture, Chinese Society for Urban Studies

作者：《景观设计学》编辑部 Landscape Architecture Frontiers

摘要

2018年1月21日，中国城市科学研究会景观学与美丽中国建设专业委员会座谈会于北京大学建筑与景观设计学院举办。来自景观、生态、水利、规划等领域的30余位学者、设计师、教育者及其他从业人士参加了会议，并围绕美丽中国建设、生态文明建设、景观设计学科建设、行业融合等议题展开讨论。座谈会最终达成共识，提出了跨界生态实践的迫切性和必要性，同时探讨了在教育和实践层面跨界的难点与问题——不同行业的优势、职责以及在“跨界”中的作用尚不明确，学科教育也未能很好地构建并明晰自身的核心竞争力——呼吁应积极促进学科与行业融合，使其适应当代需求。

关键词

景观设计学；美丽中国；生态文明建设；跨学科协作；行业融合

Abstract 

On January 21, 2018, the Forum of the Committee of Landscape Architecture, Chinese Society for Urban Studies was held at the College of Architecture and Landscape in Peking University. More than 30 participants from the fields of landscape, ecology, water management, and planning exchanged ideas on the current Beautiful China and Ecological Civilization Construction movements, as well as the development of Landscape Architecture and interdisciplinary and multi-professional collaborations. A consensus on the urgency and necessity of collaborative ecological practices, while an acknowledgement on the difficulties of such work, was reached. Specifically, problems of competitiveness and responsibility remain in the interdisciplinary practice; and the discipline of landscape architecture currently fails to identify its strengths. Thus, landscape architecture needs to actively promote disciplinary and industrial integration to meet contemporary needs.

Key words

Landscape Architecture; Beautiful China; Ecological Civilization Construction; Interdisciplinary Collaboration; Cross-industry Collaboration

荷兰马肯湖-瓦登海项目：探索自然的建造

Marker Wadden, The Netherlands: A Building-with-Nature Exploration

作者：熊亮，瑞克·德·菲索 Liang XIONG，Rik de VISSER

摘要

荷兰马肯湖－瓦登海项目实现了传统智慧与前沿技术之间的平衡。一方面，基于圩田模式这一荷兰传统的共识式决策模式，多个公共和私营部门联合制定出了马肯湖－瓦登海项目计划；另一方面，该项目在设计思想及技术方面进行了大胆探索，并利用创新技术和自然进程建造出了新的自然。马肯湖－瓦登海项目在这个气候急剧变化的时代具有重要意义，其湿地设计与建造将有助于可持续水资源管理，改善当地生态系统，并增强处于暴雨和洪水威胁中的河流三角洲地区的韧性。

关键词

马肯湖；圩田模式；淤泥；群岛；自然建造；栖息地修复；研究式设计

Abstract 

The Marker Wadden finds a good balance between traditional wisdom and technology advance. On the one hand, based on the polder model, a traditional consensus way of planning and decision-making in the Netherlands, the Marker Wadden project is created by an alliance of both public and private bodies sitting together and their opinions acknowledged. On the other hand, it boldly explores in both philosophy and technique, and a new nature has been achieved by using innovative techniques and natural processes. Marker Wadden will be of great importance in a time of climate change. Wetland design and construction can contribute to sustainable water management, improve local ecosystems, and provide greater resilience of river deltas in storms and floods.

Key words

The Markermeer; Polder Model; Silt; Archipelago; Building with Nature; Habitat Restoration; Design by Research

应对环境变化的多功能湿地设计——三峡库区汉丰湖芙蓉坝湾湿地生态系统建设

Multi-Functional Wetland Design Adaptive to Environmental Changes — Wetland Ecosystem Construction of Furongba Bay in Hanfeng Lake of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

作者：袁嘉，袁兴中，王晓峰，熊森，刘杨靖 Jia YUAN，Xiongzhong YUAN，Xiaofeng WANG，Sen XIONG，Yangjing LIU

摘要

汉丰湖是一处因三峡水库蓄水造成的季节性水位消涨而形成的城市内湖，面临着水环境污染、水生生物物种消失或濒危、土地利用格局改变等问题。本文以汉丰湖芙蓉坝湖湾湿地生态系统建设为例，探讨如何借鉴中国传统农耕时代与治水、利水、善水相关的生态智慧，运用动态景观设计、多功能景观设计、环湖圈层设计和协同进化及互利共生等理念，打造能够适应环境变化的多功能消落带湿地。

关键词

多功能湿地；生态系统；传统生态智慧；汉丰湖；消落带；三峡库区

Abstract 

Hanfeng Lake, an inland lake formed by the seasonal water fluctuations due to the water storage and sluice in the Three Gorges Reservoir, was faced with ecological challenges such as water pollution, aquatic biodiversity loss, and changes in land use pattern. This article takes the wetland ecosystem construction in Furongba Bay, Hanfeng Lake as an example to explore approaches to designing multi-functional wetlands which could adapt to hydro-fluctuation and other environmental changes, by drawing from the ecological wisdoms of water regulation, conservancy, and utilization developed in the agrarian age of China to support a dynamic, multi-layered landscape of mutualism and co-evolution.

Key words

Multi-Functional Wetland; Ecosystem; Traditional Ecological Wisdom; Hanfeng Lake; Hydro-Fluctuation Zone; The Three Gorges Reservoir Area

从棚户区的灰色地带到新城区的韧性湿地——海南三亚东岸湿地公园

From an Ignored Grey Place to a Resilient Urban Wetland — Dong’an Wetland Park in Sanya, Hainan Province

作者：拜真，俞文宇，张喻，董恬祎，林国雄 Zhen BAI, Wenyu YU, Yu ZHANG, Tianyi DONG, Guoxiong LIN

摘要

由于东岸湿地在三亚海绵城市系统中占据着至关重要的生态区位，东岸湿地公园项目被列为第一批“双城”“双修”重点项目。作为城市雨洪管理中的重要节点，东岸湿地公园的设计期望在促进水循环、净化水质、调蓄雨洪旱涝的同时，融合休闲游憩综合功能。设计运用陂塘湿地、水上森林、台田菜园、环形游步道等韧性景观元素，实现了修复场地生态、构建海绵设施的目标，并成为了白鹭新的栖息家园、孩子们的自然学校，以及市民回归乡愁体验的新乐园。

关键词

双城双修；韧性海绵；栖息地；生物多样性；乡愁

Abstract 

The Dong’an Wetland was designated as the site for one of Sanya’s first pilot projects of urban environmental remediation and ecological restoration because of its key position in the regional ecological pattern, especially for urban stormwater management. The project aims at integrating leisure and recreational functions with landscape elements including ponds, forest on water, terraced vegetable garden, and trail loop, while promoting water circulation, improving water quality, and retaining rainwater and regulating water reuse, acting as a resilient urban sponge for rainwater management. The newly built project transforms an ignored grey place into a new home for egrets, an outdoor classroom for children’s nature education, and a destination for citizens to evoke their memories.

Key words

Sponge City Construction and Underground Corridor-System Construction; Urban Environmental Remediation and Ecological Restoration; Resilient Sponge; Habitat; Biodiversity; Nostalgia

江苏省南通市石港镇乡村河道生产性景观设计

Productive Landscape Design for the Rural River Channels in Shigang Town of Nantong, Jiangsu Province

作者：金晶，江丽，黄奕涵，华莎 Jing JIN, Li JIANG, Yihan HUANG, Sha HUA

摘要

乡村河道是江南水乡所依赖的生存空间要素和生产经营场所，体现着水乡独特的文化属性。但随着经济社会的发展，乡村景观同质化、生态环境破坏等问题愈发严峻。本项目以江苏省南通市石港镇渔湾河道为研究对象，在对乡村河道进行生态保护的基础上，借鉴传统临水生产模式，提出了乡村体验式生产性景观的设计策略，以推动生产、生活和生态三者融合共生。

关键词

乡村河道；生态修复；临水生产模式；院落记忆；体验式生产性景观

Abstract 

In the rural south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, river channels, which provide locals with space for living and production, are currently faced with problems such as featureless landscape and environmental degradation due to rapid social and economic development. Inspired by the traditional riverfront production pattern, this project aims at ecological restoration and environment protection by creating experiencing productive landscape in the Fishery Bay of Shigang Town, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, and integrating production, living, and ecology on the site as a whole. 

Key words

Rural River Channel; Ecological Restoration; Riverfront Production Pattern; Nostalgia; Experiencing Productive Landscape

萌发的混合景观与新乡土景观

Emerging Hybridity and the New Vernacular Landscape

作者：丹尼·卡尔森 Dane Carlson

摘要

以具有实际效用的环境适应性为特征的乡土景观，必须实现从学术议题到设计实践的角色转变。乡土性是动态的，它在延续与转变的矛盾中不断被重新定义。乡土性为持续追求韧性和适应性的景观设计学科提供了必要的基础。木斯塘地区在历史上长期处于尼泊尔的边缘地带，这里的景观正在经历经济、基础设施，以及人口结构巨变所带来的冲击。为了应对不断出现的延续与断层问题，这里的景观正在被重塑为一种混合景观，即一种新乡土景观。在延续与转变的碰撞中，新的资源与机会不断产生，由此衍生的混合实践必将继续演进。

关键词

乡土景观；混合景观；尼泊尔；延续与转变；能动性；适应性响应

Abstract 

The vernacular landscape, defined by pragmatic adaptation, must shift from subject of scholarship to realm of design operations. The vernacular is dynamic, constantly redefined at the intersections of continuity and change. It provides the necessary foundations for a discipline expanding in pursuit of resiliency and adaptive response. The landscape of Nepal’s Mustang district, peripheral to the Nepali state for most of its history, is being shaken by seismic economic, infrastructural, and demographic shifts. In response to emerging continuities and discontinuities, its landscape is being remade as a hybrid landscape, a new vernacular. This practice of hybridization must continue to evolve where new resources and opportunities emerge at the intersections of continuity and change.

Key words

Vernacular Landscape; Hybridity; Nepal; Continuity and Change; Agency; Adaptive Response

游耕农民的地方性知识和可持续土地利用的挑战：老挝北部流域管理项目的经验与教训

Local Knowledge of Swidden Farmers and Challenges for Sustainable Land Use: Lessons from a Watershed Management Project in Northern Laos

作者：里见·东 Satomi HIGASHI

摘要

老挝地处东南亚大陆，在其境内的许多地区，游耕已成为关乎当地社区粮食安全以及宗教、文化寄托的重要生计之一—对于老挝的高地地区尤为如此。

由于多项土地和森林管理政策，以及村庄迁移和合并计划的推行，老挝北部乌多姆赛省北宾区的社区居民进入森林的权利受到限制，因而不得不面对耕地资源短缺的问题。在没有足够耕地的情况下，当地农民开始以一种破坏性的方式使用森林资源。

作为非政府环境组织的项目负责人，作者参与了一项基于社区的流域管理项目，并克服重重挑战，找到了适于当地社区土地利用的土地和森林管理体系。该非政府组织尝试采用一种替代方案，以使游耕农民的土地利用方式与官方土地和森林管理体系并存互利。

关键词

游耕；高地农民；土地和森林管理政策；老挝；非政府组织

Abstract 

In Laos, located in mainland Southeast Asia, shifting cultivation has been one of the important means of livelihood, in terms of food security as well as religious and cultural anchorage, for local communities in a number of areas, especially in upland areas in the country.

In Pakbeng District, Oudomxay Province, northern Laos, due to the implementation of various land and forest management policies and a village relocation and consolidation program, local communities were restricted from access to the forests and faced a shortage of agricultural lands. After facing difficulties in securing sufficient lands, the local farmers used the forests in a destructive manner.

The author of this article was engaged with the Community-based Watershed Management Project, as a program director of an environmental NGO and tackled challenges to achieve a land and forest management system suitable for land use by local communities. The NGO attempted to apply an alternative approach to incorporate swidden farmers’ land use system into official land and forest management institutions.

Key words

Shifting Cultivation; Upland Farmers; Land and Forest Management Policies; Laos; NGO