《景观设计学》2018年第6期

俞孔坚•“绿水青山就是金山银山”的逻辑——《景观设计学》2018年第6期“主编寄语”

The Logic of “lucid Waters and Lush Mountains are Invaluable Assets”, By Yu Kongjian

十年前的春节，我与庞伟、李迪华及家眷，三家人一同驱车从广西桂林出发，沿都柳江直至湖南长沙。沿途山水风景绮丽，乡土文化斑斓，如若闯入“桃花源”。“再过几年这些都会不复存在了。”庞伟与我如此私语。在途经广西阳朔时，我读到了国父孙中山先生的一篇美文—《实行三民主义及开发阳朔富源》。那是先生在北伐途中，于1921年11月29日在阳朔县高等小学堂操场举行的欢迎大会上发表的演讲。文中指出，实现三民主义有两条途径，一是“普及教育，提倡科学，宣传三民主义，使人人皆知国为民有”^[1]；另一途径则是发展经济，“使国民有强大之财富。开发财富，莫如振兴各种实业。即将阳朔一县而论，万山环绕，遍地膏腴，无知识者以为土瘠民贫，难与为治，不知奇峰耸峙之高山，皆石灰岩层之蓄积，可以烧石灰，可以烧水门汀。石灰为农业之肥料，亦为工业品，水门汀为化学发明之建筑材料，可以修路，可以筑河堤，可以建极高之洋楼，可以作人造之花石。每担石灰石可以造水门汀一桶，每桶四百斤，值银六元。诸君以为阳朔皆不毛之石山，悉属废物，自我观之，阳朔遍地皆黄金也。”^[1]孙先生的两大策略在当时都是救民族于危亡的醒世之语，振聋发聩。其第一策至今仍令我辈心生感慨、心存敬畏；而第二策却让我看到了随着时代的发展，人们今天对于“金山银山”认知的进步。显然，从当今火热的旅游形势和生态文明理念来看，把石灰岩峰林烧成石灰卖掉，换成黄金，绝不是富国富民的上策。伟人的认识尚且如此受限于时代，更何况县府官僚及芸芸众生呢？因此，遍布中国大好河山的许多“绿水青山”就是这样被误解为“金山银山”的。所以，如何突破时代和短期利益的局限，深刻理解“绿水青山就是金山银山”的逻辑，事关国家乃至整个人类的可持续发展。

“绿水青山就是金山银山”是人类审美观与价值观的回归，也是人性的回归。其内在逻辑就是生态系统与景观、生态与美、美与艺术、艺术与经济、经济与生态、生态系统服务与自然资源等概念之间的逻辑关系。

从唯物论和进化论的角度出发，人类的审美能力来源于人在大地景观和生态系统中的经验遗传。例如，杰伊·阿普尔顿的《景观体验》以及爱德华·O·威尔逊的《亲生命性》都揭示了人类无论是对景观空间美的体验，还是对生物个体美的体验，莫不来源于其作为一个物种的生存经验，而这些经验具有审美和情感发育的意义。

在自给自足的传统农耕时代，生态与经济、生态与美、富足与美仍可被视为是统一而非对立的层面，因此才有了阡陌纵横、良田美池、鱼塘桑竹之属、屋舍俨然的桃花源之美，这便是曾经经济富足与社会和谐的评价标准，也是远方的诗意和美景。生态、富足、和谐及美是一回事，人类在设计和创造生态的同时，就是在设计健康的生态系统，也就是在设计美的形式与事物。然而，若用现代经济学中的交易和货币为标准进行衡量，那么桃花源式的经济近乎于零。

当第一罐可乐被带到桃花源时，“经济”便产生了，生态、富足、和谐与美的统一便开始被打破—其注定要被颠覆性地打破。人类的物欲以技术和权力为通道无限膨胀，对货币占有量的追求使景观或生态系统被当作资源来开发，在这种认知下，石灰岩峰林无非是石灰矿而已。至此，为美而创造的艺术以及为经济而创造的技术南辕北辙，这导致了前者的空洞和虚伪，以及后者的丑陋和污染。这种生态与经济的割裂、生态与美的分离，以及艺术与经济之间关系的扭曲，便是工业文明和资本主义经济带给我们的副作用，它们注定要在新的文明中消亡。

如果说贫穷曾经被当作我们毁掉绿水青山的理由，那么今天这个理由已然不成立，价值观和审美观的缺陷才是如今丑陋、污染，以及贫瘠大地的根源。“绿水青山就是金山银山”是对工业文明副作用的控诉与变革的呼号。它要求我们用生态系统服务的标准来认识和评价景观和生态系统，而非用资源的概念来衡量其价值。生态系统服务是社会和自然、城市与乡村之间的纽带，也是新时代生态经济的衡量指标，它可以实现拥有富足生态系统服务的“欠发达地区”人群与“经济富足”但生态服务匮乏的人群之间的经济交易，共同实现人们对美好生活的向往。物欲是人类难以改变的天性，但以拥有什么为荣，却是一个文化的概念，其在不同的社会中有着不同的定义。因此，如何使“绿水青山就是金山银山”成为现实，有两个方法：其一，普及教育，以使每个社会成员都认识到人类只有一个地球，拥有健康的地球生态，能够享受自然提供的生态系统服务，便是财富；其二，实践与行动，用生态文明的理念和生态美的价值观保护、修复被工业文明毁掉的家园，调和艺术与技术，创造健康的生态和丰满的美丽，这便是当代景观设计学的核心所在。

During the Spring Festival ten years ago, the three families — Pang Wei, Li Dihua and myself — drove along the Duliujiang River from Guilin, Guangxi, to Changsha, Hu’nan. The beautiful scenery and the gorgeous local culture along the way made us feel like it was the “Peach Blossom Spring.” “In a few years, all of this will no longer exist.” Pang Wei whispered to me. When we were passing through Yangshuo, Guangxi, I read a beautiful article, Implementing the Three People’s Principles and Developing Resources of Yangshuo, by the founding father of our nation, Mr. Sun Yat-sen. It was Mr. Sun’s speech at the Yangshuo County Higher Elementary School on November 29, 1921 on his way of the Northern Expedition. The article pointed out that there are two ways to realize the Three People’s Principles. One is “to popularize education, advocate science, and propagandize the Three People’s Principles, so that everyone knows the country belongs to the people,” [1] and the other is to develop the economy, “revitalizing industries is an effective way to help people to build wealth. For example, Yangshuo County, it is surrounded by mountains with vast expanses of fertile lands, and those without knowledge of this place consider that it is barren land and difficult to manage. They do not know how the mountains were formed by the accumulated limestone layers, from which lime and cement could be burned. Lime is a type of agricultural fertilizer, as well as an industrial product — cement is a chemical invention that can be used for building roads, river embankments, and high-rise buildings, or making rockeries. Each carrying pole of limestone makes a bucket of cement, which weighs 200 kilograms and is worth six Silver Yuan. People may have thought that the stone mountains of Yangshuo to be waste dumps and infertile, but in my view, this place is covered by gold!”[1] Sun’s strategies enlightened and saved a nation in danger at that time. His first proposal, even today, is inspiring, but the second recognizes “invaluable assets” needed for development. Obviously, the booming tourism industry and the popularity of Ecological Civilization today suggest that the burning of limestone into cement is not the best way of enriching the country and people. In Sun’s time, the waters and mountains of China were regarded as resources to be used. However, now we must break with short-term interests and understand the waters and mountains to be “invaluable assets” to the sustainable development of China, as well as the world.

The idea that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” is a return to human aesthetics and values and a return to human nature. It shares the same internal logic that exists between ecosystem and landscape, ecology and aesthetics, aesthetics and art, art and economy, economy and ecology, and ecosystem services and natural resources, etc.

Based on theories of materialism and evolutionism, human’s aesthetic ability comes from our experience with the earth’s landscape and ecosystem. Jay Appleton’s The Experience of Landscape and Edward O. Wilson’s Biophilia reveal that the aesthetic experience of a landscape and of an individual derives from the human experience, which is closely tied with one’s aesthetics and emotional development.

In the traditional farming era, ecology and economy, ecology and aesthetics, and abundance and aesthetics were unified. Thus, there arose a type of beauty called Peach Blossom Spring, where there were flat and wide lands with well-arranged houses, rich fields, beautiful ponds, mulberries, and bamboos. This was once the standard for economic prosperity, social harmony, and the beautiful scenery of poetry. Here, ecology, abundance, harmony, and beauty were the same. When people created ecological systems, they were designing a healthy ecosystem and beautiful forms. However, with modern economics, the economy is the baseline, the gross domestic product (GDP) is the baseline, and transactions and currencies are the baselines.

When the first can of coke was brought to the Peach Blossom Spring, the unification of ecology, abundance, harmony, and beauty was broken. Human desire for ownership infinitely expands by means of technology and power. Economic pursuits make landscapes and ecosystems exploited resources. Limestone mountains become nothing more than limestone mines. Art created for aesthetics and technology created for economics are divorcing that leads to the hollowness and hypocrisy of the former and the ugliness and pollution of the latter. The separation of ecology and economy, the isolation of ecology and aesthetics, and the distortion between art and economy are the side effects left by Industrial Civilization and capitalist economy. They would be reformed in the era of Ecological Civilization.

If alleviating poverty has been used as a reason to destroy the lucid waters and lush mountains, this is no longer true. Aesthetic defeats are the root of today’s ugliness, pollution, and barren lands. The idea that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” is a call for revolution. We must use the standards of ecosystem services to understand and evaluate landscapes and ecosystems. Ecosystem services link society and nature, cities and villages. It is also a measurement of the ecological economy today that can be used to connect “underdeveloped areas” with rich ecosystem services and “economically abundance areas” that lack in ecological services. The desire for possession is human nature but how possession is celebrated matters cultural concepts that are defined by different societies. There are two methods for making “lucid waters and lush mountains” a reality. First, through universal education every member of society can recognize that human beings only have one earth; having a healthy planetary ecology and enjoying the ecosystem services provided by nature is a supreme wealth. Second, practice and action through ideas of Ecological Civilization and ecological beauty can protect and repair destroyed homelands, reconcile art and technology, and create a healthy ecology and a lush beauty, which is the core task of contemporary Landscape Architecture.

Reference

^{[1]  Huang, Y. (Ed.) (2006). Implementing the Three People's Principles and Developing Resources of Yangshuo. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Publishing House.}

主编寄语

“绿水青山就是金山银山”的逻辑（俞孔坚）

论文

城市再造与韧性提升：以绿色基础设施为导向的闲置土地再利用的经济绩效评估（盖伦·纽曼，黎东莹，朱芮，任丁鼎）

乡村振兴背景下乡村传统建筑更新策略与技术途径（徐小东，沈宇驰）

观点与评论

生态文明时期的城市竞争力提升与城市治理探索（叶裕民）

资产管理视角下的景观设计（林玮）

经济，发展，景观，价值（乌多·韦拉赫尔）

从直觉驱动到产品驱动：设计价值观及其责任的转变（朱胜萱）

流域管理与区域经济的协同发展（朱庆平）

主题实践

福州“福道”森林步行道设计（新加坡锐科建筑设计咨询有限公司，奥雅纳工程顾问有限公司新加坡分公司）

连接海洋的廊道：沿海都市主义（苏珊娜·德雷克，拉菲·西格尔）

落脚城市——博弈论方法在低密度城中村改造中的应用（赵晨思，刘恺希）

探索与过程

纵向维度：本地生态与垂直经济（弗朗西斯科·加罗法洛）

公民的森林（乔瓦尼·贝洛蒂，凯利·莉兰妮·梅因，戴安娜·安，亚历山大·威格林·斯皮策）

简讯

《景观设计学》2018年目录

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——经济学与景观设计学

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers • Economics and Landscape Architecture

【作者】盖伦·纽曼（Galen NEWMAN），黎东莹（LI Dongying），朱芮（ZHU Rui）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】137页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2018年12月

【定价】58.00元

城市再造与韧性提升：以绿色基础设施为导向的闲置土地再利用的经济绩效评估

Resilience Through Regeration: The Economics of Repurposing Vacant Land With Green Infrastructure

作者：盖伦·纽曼，黎东莹，朱芮，任丁鼎 Galen NEWMAN, LI Dongying, ZHU Rui, REN Dingding

摘要

闲置土地的增多使得很多原本就遭受洪水困扰的城市的生态和社会肌理变得更加碎片化。在谈及闲置土地再利用时，重建往往被视为首要目标，但除此之外，它们本身也具有潜在的生态和水文价值。在高洪水风险社区中，与其盲目追求以发展建设为目标的闲置土地再造措施，更重要的是要在新增开发用地和建设绿色基础设施之间寻求平衡，以削减雨水径流、降低洪水影响，由此，我们提出了“通过再造提升韧性”的规划设计理念。以美国德克萨斯州休斯顿市的三个边缘化社区的规划设计实践为例，本文使用景观绩效评估方法评价绿色基础设施再利用项目的经济和水文影响。这三个规划设计场地都面临着闲置土地过剩和雨洪问题。评估结果表明，使用绿色基础设施实现闲置土地再利用将使得雨洪风险不断降低，（与传统开发模式相比）短期内前期投入成本增加，但长期经济回报显著提升。

关键词

城市再造; 社区韧性; 景观绩效; 绿色基础设施

Abstract 

Many urban areas affected by flood disasters are also becoming increasingly ecologically and socially fragmented due to the accumulation of vacant properties. While redevelopment is often viewed as the primary objective in regenerating vacant properties, they can also potentially provide ecological and hydrological land uses. Rather than chasing development-based incentives for regenerating vacant lots in high flood-risk communities, a balance should be sought between new developmental land uses and green infrastructure to help counteract stormwater runoff and flood effects, or “Resilience through Regeneration.” This paper uses landscape performance measures to evaluate the economic and hydrologic performance of green infrastructure regeneration projects for three marginalized neighborhoods in Houston, Texas, USA. Each project site is characterized by excessive vacant lots and flood issues. Results suggest that, when using green infrastructure to regenerate vacant properties, 1) flood risk continually decreases, 2) upfront economic costs increase in the short term (when compared to conventional development), and 3) the long-term economic return on investment is much higher.

Key words

Urban Regeneration; Community Resilience; Landscape Performance; Green Infrastructure

乡村振兴背景下乡村传统建筑更新：策略与技术途径

Strategies and Technical Approaches of Rural Traditional Building Renewal in China’s Rural Revitalization Movement

作者：徐小东，沈宇驰 XU Xiaodong, SHEN Yuchi

摘要

在乡村振兴的战略背景下，论文从传统乡村建筑中传统形式元素与群体风貌的保留与重塑、建造技艺的当代解读与传承、半工业化模式的引入与建造组织方式创新等方面回溯并分析了传统乡村建筑保护与更新的途径与典型案例；在此基础上，从可持续发展的研究和技术视角，提出一种更符合中国乡村实际的半工业化“微更新”传统建筑改造方式，并以江苏省兴化市戴南镇某村的“嵌院”为例加以说明，以期为未来乡村传统建筑更新与保护的应对策略、技术路径和范式提供参考。

关键词

乡村振兴；乡村传统建筑；微更新；技术途径；半工业化建造

Abstract  

In the context of China’s current policy-oriented Rural Rejuvenation movement, through case studies, the paper reviews protection and renewal strategies and approaches of traditional rural buildings, ranging from preservation and reshaping of traditional architectural formal elements and group characteristics, contemporary interpretation and application of traditional construction techniques, to introduction of semi-industrialized construction modes and new structural organizing approaches. Based on theoretical and technical studies of sustainability, this paper puts forward a new semi-industrialized intervention mode, called “micro-renewal,” which is more applicable for renewal practices in rural China. Finally, illustrating with an authentic micro-renewal case, the “Embedded House” in Dainan Town in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province, the paper demonstrates that this new semi-industrialized intervention offers a paradigm to strategies, techniques, and alternatives for future architectural renewal and protection in rural China.

Key words

Rural Revitalization; Rural Traditional Buildings; Micro-Renewal; Technical Approach; Semi-Industrialized Construction

生态文明时期的城市竞争力提升与城市治理探索

Exploration on Strengthening City Competitiveness and Improving Urban Governance in the Age of Ecological Civilization

作者：叶裕民 YE Yumin

摘要

在本采访中，受访人叶裕民首先对“城市经济学”“城市经济”“产业结构升级”等常见的经济学概念进行了厘清，并指出当前中国城镇化要以人民得到最广泛、最大幅度的发展为核心任务，积累人力资本，优化劳动力结构，从而支撑产业结构持续升级，培育新动能。她同时认为，在生态文明时期，城市规划者和设计者的职责是通过创造包容性的城市更新和城市设计，帮助城市提高竞争力。她继而强调，中国的大部制改革符合时代的需求，也是提高国家未来整体竞争力、维护城市公共利益的必然选择。最后，叶裕民阐明了自上而下的管理模式与自下而上的治理模式的适用范畴，认为目前中国政府和社会资本合作项目出现的种种问题，根源都在于合作双方缺乏诚信，而根本的解决途径之一则是建立完善的诚信制度，以明确双方的信用权责。

关键词

经济学；城市；城市规划设计；生态文明；管理与治理；政府－社会资本合作模式

Abstract 

In this interview, Ye Yumin, the interviewee, first clarifies basic concepts of Economics such as Urban Economics, a city’s economy, and industrial structure upgrading, and points out that, to most Chinese cities, the failure of industrial structure upgrading and new driving force fostering largely is due to their inadequate labor force structure. She argues that today’s primary task of China's urbanization is to ensure people’s overall well-being, encourage their activity and cultivate talents, accumulating human capital to support the continuous upgrading of industrial structure and developing new driving forces. Ye further argues that, in the age of Ecological Civilization, urban planners and designers play an important role in strengthening cities’ competitiveness with inclusive renewal and design concepts, while highlighting that China’s new reform of a Super-Ministry System is in line with contemporary needs to improve the overall competitiveness of the country in the future and to safeguard the public interests. Finally, by recognizing the application scopes of the both top-down Management mode and bottom-up Governance mode, Ye articulates that all problems in China’s PPP cases are caused by the poor credibility of both public and private parties, and a sound credibility system and mechanism is urgently required, which would define duties of both parties.

Key words

Economics; City; Urban Planning and Design; Ecological Civilization; Management and Governance; Public-Private Partnership

资产管理视角下的景观设计

Landscape Design as an Asset Management

作者：林玮 LIN Wei

摘要

景观是人类经济活动的产物，亦可被视作一种资产，其形成受限于生产力水平与生产关系。无论是自持、销售物业，还是政府公共项目，设计都需要考虑租金回报、公众满意等全生命周期利益流入。本文提供了以资产管理的思路理解景观的独特视角，并指出了在从设计到使用的全生命周期中，资产管理所扮演的角色——其介入有助于基于不同阶段和不同群体的利益对设计方案进行平衡与协调。除借助资产管理方的帮助外，设计师也应加强产品思维与用户思维，通过轮岗、跨部门联席会议、项目制组织等机制掌握通识与交叉业务知识，藉由早期全局介入和使用后评估及时评估运营结果，以复盘教训、改良成果。

关键词

资产管理；景观设计；使用后评估；全局观；经济

Abstract 

Landscape is a product of economic activities and an asset associated with a society’s productivity levels and the relations of production. Despite the range of projects —self-owned, for-sale, or public infrastructure — that designers undertake, life-cycle benefits such as rental returns and public satisfaction should always be considered. By interpreting landscape design as an asset management, this article highlights the third-party role of asset managers who coordinate the benefits of all stakeholders at different stages through negotiation of design options. Designers are also expected to have a product and user thinking, acquire general and interdisciplinary knowledge of certain businesses through role rotations, cross-department meetings, and diverse project teams to improve design proposals, and strengthen mechanisms of pre-occupancy engagement and post-occupancy evaluation.

Key words

Asset Management; Landscape Design; Post-Occupancy Evaluation; Holistic Thinking; Economy

经济，发展，景观，价值

Economy, Development, Landscape and Value

作者：乌多·韦拉赫尔 Udo WEILACHER

摘要

景观具有多种经济价值。然而，本次采访受访人乌多·韦拉赫尔指出，全球经济发展的大多数领导力量都低估了景观所拥有的众多非经济价值。他认为，公众对于景观和环境价值的认知在某种程度上取决于国家的发展阶段，并希望发展中国家不要重复发达国家以环境破坏为代价的发展道路。他继而强调，尽管景观效益难以进行经济核算，但景观设计师应当超越经济计算的语境来讨论景观的环境价值。最后，韦拉赫尔认为当前的景观设计学院校教育对景观的经济考量尚不够重视，但设计必须充满热情，才能吸引并感染人们，这样景观设计师才有机会说服人们为环境改善而投资。

关键词

景观设计学；经济；价值；发展；教育

Abstract 

Landscape has various economic values. However, Udo Weilacher, the interviewee, argues that most drivers of the global economic development do underestimate the wide range of non-economic values of landscape. He points out that public awareness on the values of landscape and environment somehow depends on the societal developing phase of a country, and hopes that developing countries would not go through the same developments that caused irreversible environmental damage, as what most developed countries did. Weilacher further reflects that the benefits of landscape cannot be economically calculated and landscape architects need to discuss environmental values beyond economic calculation. Finally, he argues that in the current college education of Landscape Architecture, economic aspects of landscape have not been emphasized enough, and landscape design has to be enthusiastic to overwhelm and fascinate people in order to persuade them to invest for environmental improvement.

Key words

Landscape Architecture; Economy; Value; Development; Education

从直觉驱动到产品驱动：设计价值观及其责任的转变

From Intuition-Driven to Product-Driven Design: Changes in Design Values and Responsibilities

作者：朱胜萱 ZHU Shengxuan

摘要

在本次采访中，受访人朱胜萱结合自身从业经历，从建筑师、景观设计师、企业家等不同视角阐述了对“设计”的内涵价值及社会责任的理解。他认为，设计的使命是协调各方利益，尽可能创造惠及整个社会的公共价值，以产品为载体的商业思维则有助于传达设计思维所蕴含的公益价值观。基于这种认识，他创立了独特的“设计、建造、运管一体化”模式，以产品化视角传达设计理念、传播独特设计价值观，以创造更大的社会影响力。对于当前中国亟待实现的乡村振兴，他认为应以多样化、面向未来的视角分析乡村问题，并指出制度是阻碍农民从乡村开发建设中获得更多经济收益的重要因素。

关键词

景观设计；成本；经济价值；社会责任；产品思维；乡村建设

Abstract 

In this interview, combining his career experience as an architect, a landscape architect, and an entrepreneur, Zhu Shengxuan, the interviewee, shares his insights on values and responsibilities of design. He argues that designers should coordinate the interests of all stakeholders and take public benefits into account, and believes that design can be better promoted as a product under a commercial thinking. Through an integration of design, construction, and operation, Zhu creatively introduces a combination of commercial thinking and design values to create a greater social influence. He also encourages addressing China’s rural revitalization with diverse, future-oriented concepts, and points out that the breakthrough of institutions may bring more economic benefits to rural locals.

Key words

Landscape Architecture; Cost; Economic Value; Social Responsibility; Product Thinking; Rural Development

流域管理与区域经济的协同发展

Thoughts on Synergetic Development of Watershed Management and Regional Economy

作者：朱庆平 ZHU Qingping

摘要

受访人朱庆平为中国流域治理专家，在本次采访中，他以中国流域管理模式与治水理念的变化作为切入点，强调流域管理需综合考虑公共资源、基础设施建设、生态系统、历史文化、人口资源等因素；继而聚焦于黄河治理，阐释了河流演变与城市发展之间的相互作用与影响，在反思治水思想的同时，指出当下正是黄河下游沿线城市发展的大好机遇，并提出了建立“黄河国家生态文化带”这一构想；最后，朱庆平指出，流域治理需要多行业、多学科、跨地区、跨部门协作，并应当重视公众参与和社会维护在流域管理中的重要意义，以及通过在未来建立“智慧水务/水利”大数据综合集成平台，实现水资源供给与水安全保障的智能化、协调化发展。

关键词

流域管理；区域经济；公共资源；协同发展；黄河流域；智慧水务/水利平台

Abstract 

Zhu Qingping, the interviewee, is a prominent expert in China’s watershed management. Starting with the modes of China’s watershed management and the changes of water management philosophy, Zhu emphasizes that watershed management often involves various factors, including public resources, infrastructure construction, ecosystems, historical and cultural traditions, and population, all of which shall be taken into consideration as a whole. The interview then goes to the management of the Yellow River Basin, where Zhu explains the impacts between river flows and urban development, suggests a great opportunity for development the cities in the lower reaches of Yellow River Basin have, and proposes an idea of building a national ecological and cultural belt along the river. He further argues that watershed management requires collaborations across industries, disciplines, and administrative regions and divisions. He also believes that public engagement and maintenance plays an important role in watershed management and an intelligent water / watershed management system needs to be established by networking integrated big-data platforms to facilitate a more intelligent and coordinated water resource management while better ensuring water security at varied scales.

Key words

Watershed Management; Regional Economy; Public Resource; Synergetic Development; Yellow River Basin; Intelligent Water / Watershed Management System

福州“福道”森林步行道设计

DESIGN OF THE FUDAO FOREST WALKWAY IN FUZHOU

作者：新加坡锐科建筑设计咨询有限公司，奥雅纳工程顾问有限公司新加坡分公司 LOOK Architects, Arup Singapore

摘要

快速的城镇化进程虽然促使全球大城市的经济显著增长，但也一直在无情地吞噬对于生态系统和环境健康至关重要的绿地和农田。这种失衡的发展已对所有生命的共同福祉造成了极大威胁，因此，当代景观设计学必须考虑生态、美学与经济的协调发展，以积极应对这一挑战。位于中国福州的“福道”森林步行道即是将设计美学与工程效率相结合的范例之一。作为中国首条钢结构空中步道系统，其成功地将一座曾经的荒山变成了公众健身走廊，以对环境的最小干扰和创新的设计方法赢得了国际关注。

关键词

最小干扰；共同福祉；森林步道；模块化系统；轻型结构；生态保护

Abstract 

While rapid spread of urbanization brings dramatical economic growth to major cities worldwide, they are relentlessly eating up green spaces and farmlands essential to the ecosystem and environmental health, risking the common benefits for all lives with inbalanced development and putting a burden on contemporary Landscape Architecture to coordinate ecology and aesthetic with economy. By integrating design aesthetic and engineering efficiency, Fudao, a first-of-its-kind elevated steel walkway system in Fuzhou, China, addresses this challenge successfully by opening up a once desolated mountain area to the public with a minimum environmental disturbance achieved by an innovative design approach, which gains international attention.

Key words

Minimum Intervention; Common Benefit; Forest Walkway; Modular System; Lightweight Structure; Ecology Protection

连接海洋的廊道：沿海都市主义

Bight: Coastal Urbanism

作者：苏珊娜·德雷克，拉菲·西格尔 Susannah DRAKE, Rafi SEGAL

摘要

在2017年全美区域规划设计竞赛中，由苏珊娜·德雷克和拉菲·西格尔率领的设计团队脱颖而出，被选定为纽约大都会区的其中一个片区制定规划方案。他们提出的“连接海洋的廊道：沿海都市主义”方案建立在一系列系统性的景观和城市设计战略的基础上，以为该区域滨水地区的转型提供指导。两位设计师分别所在的DLANDstudio景观设计事务所和Rafi Segal A+U建筑与都市主义事务所通过与来自麻省理工学院的研究团队展开合作，使他们的设计能够直接并积极地应对气候变化、极端暴雨事件和海平面上升带来的巨大挑战

关键词

都市主义；景观经济区；海平面上升；沿海开发；水；可持续发展

Abstract 

The project is a result of a national design competition in 2017, through which a team led by Susannah Drake and Rafi Segal was selected to contribute to the 4th Regional Plan for the New York Metropolitan area. Their proposed Bight: Coastal Urbanism project builds upon a systems-based landscape and urban design strategy to guide the transformation of the regional waterfront. Working in collaboration with colleagues in their offices and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), their project directly and proactively responds to the immense challenges of climate change, extreme storm events, and rising sea levels.

Key words

Urbanism; Landscape Economic Zone; Sea Level Rise; Coastal Development; Water; Sustainability

落脚城市——博弈论方法在低密度城中村改造中的应用

Arrival City — Application of the Game Theories in Renewal of Low-Density Urban Villages

作者：赵晨思，刘恺希 ZHAO Chensi, LIU Kaixi

摘要

本文以低密度城中村改造为研究对象，利用博弈论等经济学方法对城市的低技能劳动人口容纳空间进行估算，探讨了城中村改造过程中安置低技能劳动人口的有效途径，进而为提升城市低技能劳动人口容纳力提供思路，并以此为基础寻找适宜的规划设计策略。在对陕西省西安市的典型城中村——甘家寨进行改造的案例中，研究提出了“落脚城市”的设计概念，并在测算基础上推导出基本空间模式，试图为中国城中村改造的相关规划设计提供一种“点轴结构、空间模块、共享空间”的设计框架。

关键词

低密度城中村改造；低技能劳动力；规模经济效益；博弈论；城市规划

Abstract 

Offering an alternative planning and design strategy of renewals of low-density urban villages, this research estimates potentials of increasing a city’s accommodation capacity of low-skilled labor force through economic approaches like the Game Theories. A design idea of creating an “arrival city” is proposed in the prototypical study on the renewal of the Ganjiazhai Community, a typical urban village in Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province. Developing spatial patterns through a series of evidence-based deductions and estimations, this research forms a node-axis framework of urban planning and design that allows for an adaptive combination of spatial modules and encourages spatial sharing, which might shine a reference for future planning and design of urban villages in Chinese cities.

Key words

Low-Density Urban Village Renewal; Low-Skilled Labor Force; Merits of Economies of Scale; Game Theories; Urban Planning

纵向维度：本地生态与垂直经济

Altitudes: Local Ecologies and Vertical Economies

作者：弗朗西斯科·加罗法洛 Francesco GAROFALO

摘要

“塞尔瓦中央林区”是秘鲁境内一个由高海拔森林构成的乡村地区，当地经济主要依赖咖啡生产。单一种植对该地区的影响包括由仰赖单一商品造成的经济脆弱这样的显性影响，以及当地社区多元文化与传统丧失这样的隐性影响。在该地区咖啡远销全球的同时，当地农业模式正因气候变化发生着转变。

除了介绍“纵向维度”方案的具体策略，本文亦探讨了如何对气候变化进行可视化呈现、反思供应链现状，以及对作为垂直经济的在地景观进行解读等多元尝试，在突破咖啡单一种植模式的同时，力求为建立可（部分）自给自足的新社区创造条件。

关键词

景观；咖啡；单一种植；气候变化；战略

Abstract 

“Selva Central” is a rural area of Peru defined by high-altitude forest, whose economy is largely dependent on the coffee production. The effects of monoculture are both tangible and intangible, ranging from a weak single-commodity economy to the loss of the multifaceted cultural expertise and traditions of local communities. The area, in fact, produces coffee for global exportation, while is suffering shifting local agricultural patterns due to climate change.

This article argues while unfolding “Altitudes” strategic project, how visualizing climate change, rethinking the supply-chain, and understanding the local landscape as a vertical economy can highlight opportunities of moving beyond the monoculture of coffee, creating the conditions for newly (partially) self-sufficient local communities.

Key words

Landscape; Coffee; Monoculture; Climate Change; Strategy

公民的森林

The Civic Forest
作者：乔瓦尼·贝洛蒂，凯利·莉兰妮·梅因，戴安娜·安，亚历山大·威格林·斯皮策 Giovanni BELLOTTI, Kelly Leilani MAIN, Diana ANG, Alexander Wiegering SPITZER

摘要

包括煤矿开采在内的资源开发推动了20世纪的工业增长，同时也带来了严重的环境退化和城市扩张问题。西里西亚是波兰南部的煤矿开采重镇，目前正在进行后开采时代的经济转型。二氧化硫排放和重金属沉积改变了这里的土壤酸碱度，导致该地区无法开展农业活动，而地势沉降和煤渣堆积则改变了当地地貌，导致地面沟壑纵横。随着时间的推移，地面出现水塘，森林开始生长。西里西亚森林是煤矿开采时代的印记与延续。

森林经常标示着地区发展的边界，承载着保护主义的议题，且残留着工业化进程带来的创伤。“公民的森林”项目将西里西亚森林作为一个新的中心，其尺度及复杂性使其能够应对后开采时代城市化进程带来的挑战。

关键词

森林；人类世；开采；都市化；公共空间；景观

Abstract

Industrial growth during the twentieth century, fueled by economies of extraction like coal mining, has produced severe environmental degradation and uniquely dispersed metropolitan areas. Silesia, a region of agglomerated mining towns in Southern Poland, is transitioning to a post-extraction economy. Sulfur dioxide emissions and deposits of heavy metals altered the acidity of the land, making farming impossible. Terrain subsidence and slag heaps transformed the topography, forming new valleys and mountains. Over time, surface water bodies appeared, and a new forest grew. The Silesian forests remain a reflection, and also extension, of an extractive and extracted time.

As forests often demarcate the boundaries of growth, embody narratives of preservationism, and retain the trauma of industrial processes, the Civic Forest addresses the forests of Silesia as a new “center,” one that is capable through their scale and complexity to confront the current challenges and ambitions of the post-extraction metropolis.

Key words

Forest; Anthropocene; Extraction; Urbanism; Public Space; Landscape