《景观设计学》2019年第6期

俞孔坚•“仙境”是个慢地方——《景观设计学》2019年第6期“主编寄语”

^{Wonderland Is a Slow Place, By Yu Kongjian}

在离我家乡浙江金华不远处有一座名山——烂柯山，传说晋时樵夫王质到山里砍柴，见二童子对弈，便在一旁观看。一局未终，发现斧柄已烂，便匆匆回家，但见屋舍早已坍塌，家人及同辈皆已不在，听闻村民言数十年前曾有村民王质进山砍柴不归，才知自己曾误入仙境——“天上一日，世上千年”。类似的仙境故事在中国古代文学作品中屡见不鲜，最典型的当数陶渊明笔下的桃花源，其中的人们“乃不知有汉，无论魏晋”，生活怡然自得。中国人心目中的仙境其实是现实世界中人类欲望的集成，包括对健康、长寿、和谐社会，以及最为理想化的优美山水的憧憬[1]——仙境本质上正是一个“慢地方”，在那里，“慢”是衡量事物价值的标准，例如《西游记》描绘的仙境中的蟠桃树，长得越慢，桃子品质越高。在现实生活中，文人雅士们陶醉于曲水流觞，即让筵席缓慢而诗意地进行；哲人们对时间的流逝发出“逝者如斯夫”的喟叹。其实，对“慢”的仙境的向往并非中国文化所独有，据我所知，“慢”也是西方世界所描绘的“天堂”的重要特征，只因为现实世界太快了！

所以，尽管我们还不确定工业革命以来的科技发展和城市化对人类来说是祸是福，但可以确定的是，它们让一切都变得更快了。“速度快”成为衡量事物先进程度乃至社会发展水平的重要标志之一，诸如日起一层楼的建设速度、渠化后直排的河道、不断缩短的食品生产和加工过程等，都意味着这种发展模式和生活方式让人类离其所憧憬的“仙境”越来越远，这是何其巨大的悖论！

终于，人们发现，快速高效的基础设施在服务于快节奏的城市社会的同时，却使得自然系统被切割、被毒化；在快速扩张的城市阴影下，是拥堵不堪、雾霾笼罩的街道；用化肥和激素生产的食物，背叛了人类对自然和健康的向往。随之，人们对“慢”的追求开始被唤醒。首先在西方，1986年反对快餐的“慢餐运动”在意大利罗马被美食专栏作家卡洛·佩特里尼点燃。随后，作为“慢餐运动”的延伸扩展，第一届“慢城”大会于1999年在意大利奥维多召开，“慢餐运动”在欧洲悄然兴起，并于21世纪初开始进入中国。2010年11月，江苏南京高淳的桠溪镇被国际慢城组织认证为第一个中国“慢城”，我和我的团队有幸参与了从规划到实施的整个过程。如今中国已有7个“慢城”正在进行认证。尽管中国的“慢城”更多的是地方政府为推动当地发展提出的噱头—与原始的“慢城”内涵相距甚远，甚至南辕北辙—但也在一定程度上说明中国开始了对“慢”的觉醒。在中国过去40年间“大干快上”的城镇化背景下，“仙境”仅存在于那些远离城市的乡村中。所以，中国“慢城运动”的实质是当代中国城市居民的“新上山下乡”运动，中国的“慢城”愿景则是那个没有被城镇化的“美丽乡村”。遗憾的是，当今许多乡村建设仍然是“快”的牺牲品：快速路网从城市延伸到乡村，正在抹却乡间漫道；快速的硬质排水设施正在摧毁几千年来形成的民间水利系统；快速的建造技术正在毁掉质朴的村落建筑和街巷；快速催熟的牲畜和作物正在取代自然生长的有机畜牧和农耕……

然而，烂漫的乡村“慢城”毕竟只能是逃离“城市病”的短暂避难所，我们还是需要整理当代生产生活的主阵地：城市。于是，更广泛意义上的“慢城市”概念在这里被提出，它既不同于前文所述的浪漫而休闲的“慢城”，也不同于“绿色城市”“智慧城市”等概念；其强调城市应在保持令人适意的运转速度的同时，营造空间高效利用、能源节约、环境优美、人与自然和谐相处的理想人居环境。在建设“美丽中国”的关键时期以及中国城镇化迈入转型提升的重要阶段，设计师和建设者有必要认识到“慢”的深刻内涵，用“慢原则”去规划、设计我们的城市。这些“慢原则”主要包括以下几个方面：

第一，让人流慢下来，通过将区域快速交通和局域慢行交通相结合，构建慢行交通基础设施。虽然发达的交通基础设施是一座城市保持活力的重要基础，但城市不应放任快速道路肆意蔓延，而应强调并保障行人和骑行者的出行空间，让儿童、老人、残障人士也能够安全、有尊严地出行。尤其不要让快速交通隔断自然与人之间的联系，避免沿城市滨水带、山麓和绿地建造的高速道路将城与山水割裂。

第二，让水流慢下来，构建与水为友的生态系统。在工业文明理念的影响下，当下的灌溉、施肥、排水等农业管理活动都以快速为目标。然而，只有让水流慢下来，植物才有时间吸收其中的养分（污染物），地下水才能得到补充，旱涝才能得到调节，土地才能得到有效滋润。慢的水流在景观中可以是蜿蜒曲折的溪流、植被茂盛的湖区、鸟儿驻足的河床、深浅不一的坑塘和湿地，它们是野生动植物的家园，也是诗意环境的生态基底。

第三，让营养流慢下来，打造循环流动的物质链。氮、磷、钾等元素是维持生态系统可持续性的物质基础，它们在土地、水体、作物及人类之间循环流动。工业文明下，营养流被线性化、被分离和提取、被加速地生产和使用，而制成的化肥被迅速送到农民手里，撒入田地，其中一大半通过渠化河道直接排入河湖，污染水体。将营养流循环重新建立并利用起来是修复和健全生态系统的关键。

第四，让建造慢下来，提高建造品质，留住独特的城市记忆。慢的建造意味着拒绝拆掉重来，意味着就地取材，意味着工匠精神。但这绝不是单纯的“修旧如旧”，不是回到过去追求风貌的统一，而是在创造适应当代人生活需求的环境的同时，留住乡愁。在新旧的拼贴与穿插中，让时间的脚步停留在交错的材料与空间之中，由此可以让人们在时间和空间的体验中流连忘返。

第五，让生活慢下来，倡导新的生活方式，营造新的城市空间体验。慢城市需要让习惯于忙碌的人们有机会、有心情去品尝慢慢成熟和加工出来的有机食物；有时间和空间去读书和品味艺术、聆听清晨的鸟鸣、观察墙角织网的蜘蛛，以及欣赏从树梢飘落的枫叶。

“人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标”[2]，同时，我们应该认识到，人们对美好生活的向往是分阶段的、带有时代局限性的，也是不断发展的。在“快”仍然主导人居环境建设的当下，我们切不可忘记人类的终极向往仍然是“仙境”和“天堂”，是永不过时的慢地方。

Not far from my hometown of Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province is the famous Lanke Mountain. Legends tell us that during the Jin Dynasty, a woodman named Wang Zhi went to this mountain to harvest firewood and was attracted by two boys playing chess. Before a round of game finished, his axe had been found rotten. Hurrying home, he was shocked that his house had collapsed and his family was no longer there, and then learned from the villagers that around ten years had passed in the world outside the Lanke Mountain, which meant that he had been to a wonderland by accident: one day in the wonderland, a millennium in the real world. Such wonderlands are commonly seen in ancient Chinese literature, among which the best known one is the Peach Blossom Land described by Tao Yuanming. In that place, people lived in happiness and peace, even did not know the alternation of dynasties. In fact, the wonderland is a representation of human desire in the real world, including health, longevity, a harmonious society, and idealized landscapes[1], and essentially a “slow place” where slowness is greatly valued. For example, planted in the wonderland in the Journey to the West, the slow-growing peaches are of higher quality than the fast-growing ones. Besides, the ancient Chinese literati pursued a slow and poetic life and sighed the passing of time. Yearning for the “slow” wonderland is not unique to Chinese culture — desires for the paradise with “slow” as an important quality also exist in western culture. The common aspiration for “slow” reflects a fact that the life pace in real world is too fast!

Technological development and urbanization since the Industrial Revolution can be considered both a blessing and a curse, but modernization has undoubtedly made everything faster. Fast speeds have become an important benchmark for measuring social development. Rapid-speed construction, river canalization, and shortened food producing and processing have meant that humans are far away from the wonderland they have dreamt about. What a huge paradox!

Finally, while serving the fast-paced urban life, the efficient infrastructure also undermines natural ecosystems. City streets are full of congestion and smog, while fertilizer exposure and hormone-producing foods have deviated from our desire for a healthy life. Then, initiated by the food columnist Carlo Petrini, a Slow Food Movement against fast food started in Rome in 1986. As a later version, Citta Slow was raised and its first conference was held in Orvieto, Italy in 1999, and soon spread across Europe and began to gain influence in China in the early 2000s. In November 2010, Yaxi Town in Gaochun District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province was recognized as the first Chinese Citta Slow by Cittaslow International — My team participated its planning and implementation process. Today, seven Chinese Citta Slow cities are under accreditation. While they have been more like a marketing buzzword used by local governments to attract investment and tourists, far from the original intention of the Citta Slow movement, they do demonstrate that China has been longing for the slow “wonderland” again, which has been, however, relegated to the countryside in the rapid urbanization over the past 40 years. Therefore, the Citta Slow movement in China can be understood as a New Ruralism Movement for urban residents, and the Citta Slow in China envisions a romantic ideal of the Beautiful Countryside. Regrettably, today many rural areas are still victims of fast development: new highways are replacing countryside trails; channelized water infrastructures are replacing historic civic water systems; rustic villages are torn down for new construction; and artificial ripening crops are prevailing in farms nationwide.

Citta slow in rural areas only offers a refuge to urban residents for a temporary relief from urban problems. We have to face the changing and challenging circumstance in cities. Therefore, the concept of the “slowing city” is proposed. Different from Citta Slow, “green city,” or “smart city,” the slowing cities which operate at a moderate speed can create more pleasant and livable environments through the smart use of space, an energy-saving development, and harmony between man and nature. In the critical period of Beautiful China construction and the new stage of China’s urbanization, five principles are proposed for designers and developers to apply into planning and design of slowing cities. These “slow principles” are:

First, slow down the traffic by building traffic infrastructure that combines regional fast transportation with local slow one. Although the former is vital to a city’s mobility and vitality, cities should avoid unnecessary highways, emphasizing and guaranteeing safe spaces for both pedestrians and cyclists to insure that children, the elderly, and the disabled can travel safely with dignity. In particular, connections between cities and waterfronts, mountains, and green spaces should not be compromised by the pursuit of rapid transit so that the relationships between people and the natural environment would not be damaged.

Second, slow down the flow of water and build resilient ecosystems. Nowadays, agricultural activities including irrigation, fertilization, and drainage aim for higher efficiency. However, the flow of water needs to be slowed down so that plants can absorb enough nutrients or purify more pollutants, groundwater can be fully recharged, droughts and floods can be mitigated, and soil moisture can be adjusted. The slow flow of water can be in the form of a winding stream, a lush lake, a riverbed where birds could stop, or ponds and wetlands in varied depths. They are all homes to wildlife and the ecological base for a poetic landscape.

Third, slow down the nutrient flow and create a recycled material chain. Elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the material basis for a sustainable ecosystem, and they circulate between land, water, and living species. During urbanization, these flows have been regulated, separated, extracted, and made to accelerate product and use. Manufactured fertilizer can be easily gotten and sprinkled on fields, running off and being discharged into channelized rivers then polluting water bodies. Re-establishing nutrient flow is key to restore and improve ecosystems.

Fourth, slow down the speed of construction, improve quality, and keep unique urban memories. This means resisting large-scale demolitions and using local materials, techniques, and craftsmanship instead. Slow construction does not mean always keeping the old, or returning to the past, but meeting modern needs while appreciating the importance of past practices. Between the old and the new, time stays interlaced with materials and spaces, creating experience where people can linger.

Finally, slow down the pace of life. We should advocate for new lifestyles and new models of urban space experience, encouraging people accustomed to fast-paced lives to enjoy well-cooked organic food, have time to read and experience art, listen to birds singing in the morning, observe spiders spinning webs in the corner, and appreciate the maple leaves falling.

“The purpose of China’s development is to improve the lives of our people.”[2] We should realize that people’s vision for a better life is limited by the times, and is constantly evolving. Under the background of rapid construction today, we cannot forget that wonderlands are still an aspiration and that the slow places never go out of style.

REFERENCES

[1] Yu, K. (2019). Ideal Landscapes and the Deep Meaning of Feng-Shui (Patterns of Biological and Cultural Genes). San Francisco: ORO Editions.

[2] Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee. (2014). Important Literature Selection since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (Vol. 1). Beijing: Central Party Literature Press.

主编寄语

“仙境”是个慢地方（俞孔坚）

论文

城市新陈代谢视角下的以减慢城市资源流动为目标的城市设计决策支持框架（尹荦懿）

抵抗孤独、隔离和不平等的恢复性空间规划实践（徐磊青，言语）

工具与目标的混淆——重新审视规划设计行业的数据革命（万励，尹荦懿）

基于空间潜力和社会行为多源数据分析的城市绿道规划研究——以北京市海淀区城市绿道选线规划为例（陈希希，李倞，谭立，杨璐）

基于CiteSpace知识图谱分析的城市内涝问题研究述评（冉玲于，周燕）

观点与评论

“慢城市”设计中的体验设计（萨拉·威廉姆斯·戈德哈根）

以“慢设计”重塑高品质城市环境——中国城市设计经验与展望（薛铭仁，张斗）

主题实践

将营养流慢下来——海口市美舍河凤翔公园生态设计（俞孔坚，俞文宇，林国雄，张建乔，拜真）

山西省大同古长城文化遗产廊道中的慢行设施体系规划（王宏达，冯潇）

重新定义公园：迪拜“混凝土块”公园（邓肯·丹利）

探索与过程

印度尼西亚慢时尚实验室：在发展中国家推广慢时尚的紧迫性（阿普丽娜·默万蒂）

乡村并非偏远之地——以Company Drinks饮料公司的实践为例（卡特琳·伯姆）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——慢城市与新生活方式

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers • Slowing Cities and Lifestyles

【作者】尹荦懿（YIN Luoyi），徐磊青（XU Leiqing），言语（YAN Yu）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】184页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2019年12月

【定价】58.00元

城市新陈代谢视角下的以减慢城市资源流动为目标的城市设计决策支持框架

^{Decision-Supportive Framework for Urban Design Based on the Target of Slowing down Urban Resource Flows: From the Perspective of Urban Metabolism}

作者：尹荦懿 YIN Luoyi

摘要

城市新陈代谢理论以解析城市资源流动的视角，为可持续城市设计提供了量化设计方法及策略的可能性。本文以改善城市生活环境为出发点，选取了4类与居民生活相关的城市资源（水、能源、有机废物、食物）作为评价对象，以其流动速率作为评价指标，以设计情景模型作为核心建立设计决策支持框架。整个框架包含4个基本部分，包括城市现状分析、设计情景设定、设计选项清单，以及设计评价。该框架可实现方案的快速呈现并对其预期效果做出模拟和评价，为设计实践提供决策依据。通过将北京市国贸区域作为初步应用案例，框架为该地区提出一系列城市设计导则，阐明了其对设计实践的支持作用。最后，本文指出，框架的最终输出结果并不意味着某一种设计方案或设计策略即是最优选项，而是帮助设计决策者建立对该设计方案的直观认识，并更深刻地理解其将对城市环境造成何种影响。

关键词

城市设计；城市新陈代谢；城市资源；城市设计决策支持框架；设计情景；城市空间工作平台

ABSTRACT 

The Urban Metabolism theory makes it possible to quantify design methods and strategies for sustainable urban design based on analysis of urban resource flows. Aiming at improving the urban environment, this paper takes four types of urban resources closely related to residents’ lives (i.e., water, energy, organic waste, and food) as evaluation objects and their flow rates as the evaluation indicators, and operates with design scenario models as the core to establish the decision-supportive framework for urban design, which consists of four basic parts: urban status analysis, design scenario setting, design alternatives, and design evaluation. This framework could quickly present design proposals and evaluate their expected performances, providing a basis for decision making in design practice. Then, China World Trade Center area in Beijing is taken as an example to interpret the practical value of the framework by providing guidelines for urban design practices of this area. Finally, the paper points out that instead of showing the optimal design strategy, the final output of the framework just provides decision makers an intuitive understanding of a specific design proposal and the impacts the design intervention would bring to the urban environment.

KEYWORDS

Urban Design; Urban Metabolism; Urban Resources; Decision-Supportive Framework for Urban Design; Design Scenario; Urban Space Platform

抵抗孤独、隔离和不平等的恢复性空间规划实践

^{Restorative Spatial Planning Practice in Response to Isolation, Segregation, and Inequality}

作者：徐磊青，言语 XU Leiqing, YAN Yu

摘要

文章指出趋于同质化的城市及社会原子化现状可能导致相应的孤独、隔离与不平等，并批判性回顾了前者与后者内在过程与发展阶段的一致性，以及个人心理状况与城市问题的内在一致性。此外，文章回顾了社会恢复性城市主义和社会恢复性城市设计模型等诸多思潮，在此基础上总结得出社会恢复性城市设计模型，提出减小组团规模、场所营造、自然恢复、构建步行系统、打造交互型城市5种规划策略，将规划视作赋权的技术与工具，以实现人与人、人与空间、人与自然、人与运动以及人与数据的连接。文章基于这一基础框架，反思了上一轮激烈的城镇化进程中产生的诸多城市问题，梳理评析了中国城镇化迈入“城市双修”阶段后亟需参照、学习的相关案例，强调社会恢复的重要性不亚于物质空间优化与生态修复。

关键词

社会恢复性城市主义；社会恢复性城市设计；城市更新；孤独；隔离；不平等；空间规划

Abstract 

The article points out that the urban homogenization and social atomization status may lead to corresponding social problems including isolation, segregation, and inequality, and critically reviews their intrinsic consistency with urban development stages and the correlation between mental health and urban diseases. Based on the review of ideas such as Socially Restorative Urbanism and Socially Restorative Urban Design Model, the authors summarize a Socially Restorative Urban Design Model with five planning strategies — group size reduction, place-making, nature-based restoration, walkable system construction, and responsive city establishment — to realize human-human, human-space, human-nature, human-mobility, and human-data connections through taking planning as a tool of empowerment. In addition, the article reflects on the urban problems caused by the past urbanization process in China which pursued quick achievements and examines cases that could guide the new stage of Urban Remediation and Ecological Restoration, giving the same weight to social restoration as physical space improvement and ecological restoration.

Key words

Socially Restorative Urbanism; Socially Restorative Urban Design; Urban Regeneration; Isolation; Segregation; Inequality; Spatial Planning

工具与目标的混淆——重新审视规划设计行业的数据革命

^{Confusion of Goals — Rethinking the Implication of Data Analytics and Modelling for Urban Planning and Design Industry}

作者：万励，尹荦懿 WAN Li, YIN Luoyi

摘要

数据分析和建模技术在中国的城市规划设计领域取得了快速发展。基于这一事实，本文旨在填补利用数据制定有效政策成果与获得技术产出之间的知识鸿沟，并将这种鸿沟置于更广阔的智慧城市建设的背景下展开讨论——虽然在该领域，技术应用并没有带来预期的政策成效。我们需要从早期实践中汲取经验，以防在中国各大城市上演的规划设计数据革命重蹈覆辙。本文提出的一大观点是，为了充分发挥数据分析在城市规划设计领域的潜力，亟需引入更加完善的技术框架，来重新审视规划设计行业在中国的关键角色和核心竞争力。从纯技术论调和学科/专业路径转变为社会－技术视角。通过提出一系列建议，本文期望引发更多关于城市规划设计中技术性行动计划的批判性讨论。

关键词

大数据；数据分析技术；城市建模技术；社会－技术；城市规划；城市设计

Abstract 

Inspired by the fast take-up of data analytics and modelling in urban planning and design in Chinese cities, this paper aims to address a serious knowledge gap in terms of using data to deliver better policy outcomes rather than technical outputs. Such a knowledge gap is discussed in the wider context of smart city development where technology deployment failed to deliver the expected policy benefits. Lessons thus can be, and should be, learnt from early experiments to prevent the data revolution in planning and design in Chinese cities from repeating the same failure. One of the key arguments is that, in order to leverage the potential power of data and analytics for the urban planning and design industry, a wider theoretical framework is required for rethinking the core role as well as core competence of the planning profession in China. It entails a diversion from the purely technical discourse and the disciplinary / professional silos, towards a socio-technical perspective. A series of propositions are proposed to evoke more critical discussion about the digital agenda for urban planning and design.

Key words

Big Data; Data Analytics; Urban Modelling; Socio-Technical; Urban Planning; Urban Design

基于空间潜力和社会行为多源数据分析的城市绿道规划研究——以北京市海淀区城市绿道选线规划为例

^{Study of Urban Greenway Planning Based on Multi-Source Data Analysis of Spatial Potential and User Behaviors — The Greenway Route Planning pf Haidian District, Beijing}

作者：陈希希，李倞，谭立，杨璐 CHEN Xixi, LI Liang, TAN Li, YANG Lu

摘要

城市绿道对于鼓励城市慢行交通出行、缓解城市交通拥堵具有重要意义。目前，中国绿道研究和规划实践主要集中在具有生态、历史、文化和休闲服务功能的、位于郊区的区域绿道；而对于服务于城市慢行交通、满足市民日常通勤和休闲需求的城市绿道研究较少。相比前者，城市绿道的选线和建设更加需要考虑建成区空间现状条件和市民的实际使用需求。因此，本研究着重探讨在大数据涌现的背景下，运用多源数据，构建基于GIS空间分析（绿道建设潜力空间评价）和大数据社会行为分析（居民绿道日常使用需求评价）的城市绿道选线规划方法，并以北京市海淀区为例开展实证研究。随后，研究针对海淀区城市绿道建设涉及的道路、河道、铁路廊道和带状绿地等主要空间类型，提出具体改造模式策略，将绿色空间网络与慢行系统相结合，以实现城市线性空间的功能优化。

关键词

慢行交通；城市绿道；选线规划；构建模式；大数据

Abstract 

Urban greenways play a key role to a city’s non-automobile commuting and help alleviate traffic congestion. Currently, China’s greenway planning research and practice focuses mostly on suburban areas where greenways provide ecological, historical, cultural, and recreational services, while fewer studies explore urban greenways that serve citizens’ daily non-automobile commuting and recreational needs. Compared with suburban ones, urban greenways often face more spatial limits in the built-up areas and need to respond to more challenging demands. Supported by multi-source data and the rise of big data technologies, this research explores the methods of urban greenway route planning that are underpinned through GIS spatial analyses (potential evaluation on spatial construction conditions of greenways) and big-data-based user behavior analyses (of citizens’ daily use of greenways). Demonstrating the authentic planning case for Haidian District, Beijing, the research proposes a series of construction strategies to urban corridors of roads, waterways, and railways, respectively, which integrate green spaces with non-automobile system, in order to improve the services of linear spaces in cities.

Key words

Non-Automobile Traffic; Urban Greenway; Route Planning; Construction Strategies; Big Data

基于CiteSpace知识图谱分析的城市内涝问题研究述评

^{A Review of Research on Urban Waterlogging Based on CiteSpace Mapping Knowledge Domains}

作者：冉玲于，周燕 RAN Lingyu, ZHOU Yan

摘要

内涝问题持续困扰城市发展，对中英文文献中有关“城市内涝”问题的研究进行梳理与总结有助于系统剖析该问题的研究进展，从而探究缓解中国城市内涝问题的科学途径。本文以Web of Science核心合集数据库和中国知网数据库的文献为研究对象，运用科学计量分析工具CiteSpace的知识图谱绘制功能，客观地呈现了中英文文献在“城市内涝”问题上的学科结构、研究重点和研究热点。通过数据分析与解译得出：“城市内涝”问题研究整体保持较高热度，涉及大部分学科并出现学科交叉现象，且近年在城乡规划学、地理学、风景园林学等领域的研究热度持续升高；所涉及的代表性学科在内涝问题上的主要研究内容各有侧重；中英文文献已从规划理念、基础设施、排水系统、空间调控、管理方法、微观措施6个角度呈现多样的调控途径探索；当前学界研究热点主要集中在内涝调控的理念与措施、水文学规律、内涝成因、风险评估与管理等方面；目前研究偏向微观尺度，从宏、中观尺度探寻雨洪管控的理想空间格局与规划实现途径的研究相对欠缺，对于城市水文过程、内涝形成机制与雨洪调控途径的空间类型之间的关联性研究不足。最后，针对目前的研究局限提出：研究理论上应深入探讨各类内涝调控途径的产生背景、核心目的、应用场景等，研究尺度上可对宏、中观层面空间规划途径的空缺进行弥补，研究广度上应注重与水文学进行学科融贯探究，为进一步拓展中国城市内涝调控途径提供方向指引。

关键词

城市内涝；研究述评；研究热点；知识图谱；CiteSpace

Abstract 

Cities have suffered from long-time waterlogging problems. A review of English and Chinese literature on “urban waterlogging” can help analyze the research progress and further explore methods and approaches to alleviate such problems in Chinese cities. By examining the literature from the Web of Science Core Collection database and CNKI database with CiteSpace, a Mapping Knowledge Domains tool, this paper aims to scientifically review the disciplinary structure, major research interests, and research hotspots of the issues of urban waterlogging. Through data analyses, it concludes that: 1) urban waterlogging is a hot topic that has been studied in a great number of subjects, with interdisciplinary studies and a continuous growth in Urban and Rural Planning, Geography, Landscape Architecture, etc. in recent years; 2) the research on waterlogging in representative subjects varies; 3) English and Chinese literature explores stormwater management and control measures from the perspectives of planning concepts, infrastructure, drainage systems, spatial regulation, management methods, and micro-measures; 4) research hotspots cover the concepts and measures of waterlogging control, hydrological processes and patterns, causes of waterlogging, and risk assessment and management; 5) the existing research mainly focuses on micro scales, and there is an absence of studies on ideal spatial patterns and planning approaches at macro and medium scales, or on the correlation between urban hydrological processes and waterlogging formation mechanisms with spatial deployment of stormwater regulation approaches. Finally, according to existing research limitations, the paper proposes that: 1) future theoretical studies should explore the backgrounds, objectives, and application scenarios of various waterlogging control approaches; 2) studies are expected to explore spatial patterns and planning approaches at macro and medium scales; and 3) scholars should expand the territory of research by integrating with Hydrology.

Key words

Urban Waterlogging; Research Review; Research Hotspot; Mapping Knowledge Domains; CiteSpace

“慢城市”设计中的体验设计

^{Slowing down Fast Cities with Designed Experiences}

作者：萨拉·威廉姆斯·戈德哈根 Sarah Williams GOLDHAGEN

摘要

为了应对拥挤且快节奏的城市环境中显著的同质化问题，设计师需要营造多种体验来打造“慢城市”。为此，设计师首先需要了解“慢城市体验”的特征和适用范围，其次需要采用基于实证的方法以指导设计实践。本文根据现象学理论，将慢城市体验分为“社交性”和“个体性”两类，并分别展开讨论。前者源于一种能促进人际交流的“情节”体验，而后者则与一种有助于恢复注意力的“存在模式”有关。本文通过列举若干种心理学和神经认知状态，为建筑师、景观设计师和城市规划专家提供了一个科学的现象学视角来定义有益于人类福祉的城市环境，并建议未来的相关研究重点关注不同表面、材质，以及图案构成和层次结构复杂的作品给人带来的体验，并探索何种变化强度的建成环境要素能够唤醒人们日渐麻木的感官。

关键词

慢城市；建成环境；心理学；现象学；神经认知；社交性体验；个体性体验；存在模式

Abstract 

To challenge the stupefying homogeneities produced by dense and fast urban environments, designers should offer a range of experiences to create a “slowing city,” which first relies on the understanding of the character and range of “slow experiences,” then requires an empirically-driven approach to attain it. Phenomenologically, slow experiences can be social or solitary; both are discussed. The former comes from “event” experiences that facilitate meaningful interactions among people, while the latter promotes a shift into “being mode” which can help replenish human’s attention. Using findings in psychology and neurocognition, this article suggests that architects, landscape designers, and urbanists adopt a scientifically-grounded phenomenological approach to designing healthy urban environments where people can flourish.  More attention is required to investigate people’s experience of surfaces and textures, and of compositions with varying levels of patterned complexity, as well as the changeability of design features and approaches to combat habituation.

Key words

Slowing City; Built Environment; Psychology; Phenomenology; Neurocognitive; Social Experience; Solitary Experience; Being Mode

以“慢设计”重塑高品质城市环境——中国城市设计经验与展望

^{High-Quality Urban Environment out of “Slow Design”: Review and Prospect of Urban Design Practices in China}

作者：薛铭仁，张斗 Ming-Jen HSUEH, ZHANG Dou

摘要

持续推进的城镇化，以及日新月异的应用技术使得城市规划师与设计师不断思考如何在高速运转的城市中营造舒适的居住体验，“慢城市”的概念由此而生。本文首先基于Sasaki设计事务所多年的实践经验，提出“善用当地资源”这一“慢城市”核心设计理念，并将旧城更新类项目视作践行相关方法论的主要试验场。随后，本文以若干典型城市更新项目为例，系统阐述了这一方法体系在不同背景下的应用，进一步将“使用者需求”视为一种设计城市物质空间的重要依据，介绍了如何在城市规划与设计中权衡不同使用者的利益诉求，以促成政府、居民、设计师等群体的合作，维持项目的长期效益。最后，本文对科技进步、城市建设与生活品质之间的关系进行了辩证思考，并探讨了规划设计行业与新兴科技相结合的发展方向。

关键词

慢城市；城市设计；城市更新；历史文脉；多方合作；公众参与；技术创新

Abstract 

Driven by unprecedented urbanization and ever-changing applied technologies, urban planners and designers are exploring how to create comfortable living experience in fast-paced cities, thus rises the concept of “slowing city.” By reviewing years of design practices of Sasaki Associates, this article is focused on the core idea of “slowing city,” i.e., “making good use of local resources,” and its application into a number of urban regeneration practice. Further, by taking “user demands” as a critical reference, the article discusses how to coordinate the interests of a wide range of user groups and then facilitate cooperation among the government, citizens, and designers to ensure the long-term benefits of construction projects. Finally, critical thoughts are given to how the emerging technologies could contribute to urban construction and life quality, and the new opportunity that they may bring to the planning and design industry.

Key words

Slowing City; Urban Design; Urban Regeneration; Historical Context; Multilateral Cooperation; Public Engagement; Technological Innovation

将营养流慢下来——海口市美舍河凤翔公园生态设计

^{Slowing down Nutrient Flows — Ecological Design of the Fengxiang Park on the Meishe River in Haikou}

作者：俞孔坚，俞文宇，林国雄，张建乔，拜真 YU Kongjian, YU Wenyu, LIN Guoxiong, ZHANG Jianqiao, BAI Zhen

摘要

海南省海口市是一座自然风光旖旎的南方滨海旅游城市，在近几十年来的快速城镇化进程中，人们忽视了自然河流作为城市水生态基础设施的重要性，导致城市的生态韧性和安全急剧下降。凤翔公园作为美舍河上的重要生态节点，集中暴露了美舍河流域的各种生态问题。项目设计旨在通过设计生态学途径修复场地的生态系统，系统治理内涝和水质污染问题，为周边居民营造高品质滨水慢生活环境。

借助绿色海绵技术和加强型人工湿地系统的建立，设计最终让场地中的水流及营养流慢了下来，修复了动植物栖息地，提升了生物多样性；多样化慢行系统的引入鼓励了市民及游客的绿色出行，为城市打造了一个全新的旅游、休憩、文化胜地。更为重要的是，在全球日益严峻的水污染和水资源短缺等问题下，项目所采用的设计方法在城市水质治理、防洪以及创造社会文化服务空间等方面具有重要借鉴意义。

关键词

海绵城市；人工湿地系统；生态修复；慢生活；设计生态学

Abstract 

Haikou is a coastal tourist city in Hainan Province of South China with beautiful natural landscapes. During the rapid urbanization in the past decades, the role of natural rivers as city’s water ecological infrastructure has been long-time neglected, resulting in a sharp deterioration of urban ecological resilience and security. Fengxiang Park, sitting at the middle reaches of the Meishe River, is a key ecological node in the watershed, which however had suffered from severe ecological problems. In this demonstrative project, the site was envisioned as an urban park which mitigates urban flooding and water pollution and provides citizens a quality waterfront with pleasant, slow living environment through a substantial ecosystem improvement with means of Design Ecology.

Techniques of green sponge construction and the reinforced constructed wetland system deployed in the park have effectively slowed down the flow of water and nutrients, restored habitats for fauna and flora, and increased biodiversity; the introduction of a diversity of slow traffic system has brought vitality to the city by encouraging green traffic modes among citizens and tourists, creating a new tourism, recreational, and cultural destination for the city. More importantly, in view of increasingly severe issues such as water pollution and shortage around the globe, this project shows an obvious reference significance to other practices in urban water quality improvement, flooding control, and the creation of public spaces to provide social and cultural services.

Key words

Sponge City Construction; Constructed Wetland System; Ecological Restoration; Slow Life; Designed Ecology

山西省大同古长城文化遗产廊道中的慢行设施体系规划

^{Planning of Slow-Traveling Facility System for the Ancient Great Wall Cultural Heritage Corridor in Datong, Shanxi Province}

作者：王宏达，冯潇 WANG Hongda, FENG Xiao

摘要

长城是世界文化遗产，也是人类文明的瑰宝。2017年，山西省大同市政府提出了建设大同古长城文化遗产廊道的构想。基于广泛调研与严谨分析，规划团队构建了一条长258km、总面积186km2的遗产廊道，其中，慢行设施体系承载了主要的游览、休憩、科普功能，整合了遗产沿线资源的建设、运营和管理，是极为重要的基础设施。本文探讨了文化遗产廊道中慢行设施体系的构建策略，提出适应长城遗产空间分布特征的高效低干扰设施整体结构，综合运用最小累积阻力模型等多重科学手段对区域的开发条件与生态环境状况进行评价分析，并基于评价分析结果，对慢行游道体系与节点体系进行适应性规划与设计，同时构建相应的低介入解说体系，最后通过游客量测算对设施规模进行控制，以实现遗产保护与旅游开发的平衡。

关键词

文化遗产廊道；遗产保护；慢行设施体系；开发适宜性评价；低介入；明长城

Abstract 

The Great Wall is a world cultural heritage and a treasure of human civilization. In 2017, the Government of Datong, Shanxi Province proposed to build a cultural heritage corridor of the ancient Great Wall. Based on deep investigation and meticulous analyses, the planning team envisioned a heritage corridor with a length of 258 km, covering a total area of 186 km2, in which the slow-traveling facility system, as an important component that integrates the construction, operation, and management of related heritage sites, provides sightseeing, recreational, and educational services. This article discusses the strategies to develop the slow-traveling facility system in the cultural heritage corridor, which adopts a low-interference structure according to the spatial distribution of heritage sites along the Great Wall, and applies the minimum cumulative resistance model and other scientific methods to analyze development suitability and ecological environment conditions of the project site. Based on the evaluation results, the slow-traveling facility system and the service node system are adaptively planned and designed, combined with a low-intervention interpretation system. Finally, the scales of facilities are designed based on an estimation of tourist amount to control the impact of construction on heritage sites and natural environment. As such, the balance between heritage conservation and tourism development is achieved.

Key words

Cultural Heritage Corridor; Heritage Conservation; Slow-Traveling Facility System; Development Suitability Evaluation; Low Intervention; The Ming Great Wall

重新定义公园：迪拜“混凝土块”公园

^{Reinventing the Public Park — The Block in Dubai}

作者：邓肯·丹利 Duncan DENLEY

摘要

耗时7个月建造的“混凝土块”公园虽然刚刚落成，但已成为迪拜设计区内一处广受好评的滨水公园。desert INK景观设计事务所通过重新利用迪拜运河修筑工程中遗留下的700余块约30吨重的混凝土块，创造了众多儿童游乐空间、户外运动区，以及餐饮点。其设计打破了一般公园建造的定式，采用非常规设计手法，营造了这处放眼中东地区乃至全世界都极具独特性与创新性的景观。这座不同寻常的公园为原本的设计产业聚集区带来了更多儿童和家庭访客，多种不同的生活方式在这里碰撞交融，也使得整个社区日益繁荣。

关键词

混凝土块；回收；城市公园；非常规设计；迪拜设计区；生活方式

Abstract 

Recently completed, The Block was constructed over a seven-month period along the Dubai Water Canal in Dubai Design District, providing a much-celebrated public park for the people of Dubai. Through their re-purposing of seven hundred 30-ton concrete blocks left over from the canal construction, landscape architects, desert INK created countless play features for children, outdoor exercise areas, and food and beverage outlets. Breaking all public park stereotypes and incorporating an unconventional approach to design, The Block stands out as one of the most unique and innovative landscape designs in the Middle East, if not the world. With a clear brief to attract a diverse range of new visitors to d3, desert INK set out to create an extraordinary park which would attract children and families to this otherwise design-industry focused district so that different lifestyles could co-exist and the community could thrive.

Key words

Block; Recycle; Urban Park; Unconventional Design; Dubai Design District; Lifestyles

印度尼西亚慢时尚实验室：在发展中国家推广慢时尚的紧迫性

^{A Slow Fashion Lab in Indonesia: Mapping Landscape of Urgencies in Developing Countries}

作者：阿普丽娜·默万蒂 Aprina MURWANTI

摘要

本文剖析了印度尼西亚参与全球慢时尚运动的紧迫性及所面临的挑战。虽然慢节奏是印度尼西亚传统文化（特别是在纺织工艺生产和剪裁缝补方面）的重要组成部分，但作为技术产物的“慢时尚”对印度尼西亚国民来说依然是一个全新的概念；其作为一种现代生活理念，在印度尼西亚依然属于新生事物。2017年，歌德学院发起的IKAT/eCUT项目在印度尼西亚举办了慢时尚主题展览。在策展过程中，最大的挑战在于如何呈现印度尼西亚的快时尚现状，以及探索当地存在哪些慢时尚理念的实践。认识到发展慢时尚的紧迫性，有助于更好地在当地将这一理念付诸实践。和许多国家相比，印度尼西亚的主流市场还未被西方快时尚产品所占据，因此在该国推行慢时尚理念的方式也应不同于以往。在这里，“慢时尚”一词被赋予了更加丰富的内涵——通过对其基本原则进行扩展，可以更好地契合印度尼西亚的国情和现状。

关键词

慢时尚；快时尚；纺织工艺；发展中国家；印度尼西亚；回收利用

Abstract

This article highlights the urgencies and challenges in interpreting slow fashion in Indonesia to join the global movement. The term “slow fashion” as technical production was never familiar in Indonesian society despite a slow process is an integrated part of Indonesia cultural heritage — especially in producing the textile craft practice and repairing clothing to the tailor. The term “slow fashion” as a modern lifestyle philosophy is totally a new thing in Indonesia. When this term was brought to develop exhibition by IKAT/eCUT Project, Goethe-Institut in 2017, the biggest challenge was to map the fast fashion landscape and to explore the practice of this philosophy in Indonesia. This list of urgencies will highlight the realistic way to adapt the concept of slow fashion in the country. Since western fast fashion products are not massively occupying major Indonesian market, the parameter of counter must be slightly shifted into a contextual one. The term slow fashion then should be interpreted in a broader way than what has been set in the West, including extending the principle pillars to fit with Indonesia situation and context.

Key words

Slow Fashion; Fast Fashion; Textile Craft; Developing Country; Indonesia; Upcycle

乡村并非偏远之地——以Company Drinks饮料公司的实践为例

^{The Rural Is not Remote— The Case of Company Drinks}

作者：卡特琳·伯姆 Kathrin BÖHM

摘要

本文重点关注尚不平衡的二元城乡关系，并以Company Drinks饮料公司的实践为例，展现了一种不同于以往的城乡关系—城市人口暂时性地向乡村地区迁移。这种情况的出现与伦敦东区工薪家庭采摘蛇麻草的传统息息相关。在这一案例中，一座工薪阶层社区逐渐发展了一种适合他们的乡村实践——每年定期前往乡村参与劳作。Company Drinks饮料公司开创了一种新型企业模式，它基于人们对于“采摘蛇麻草”传统的集体记忆，为伦敦东区居民带来了一种契合当代生产生活条件、满足人们的实际需求的周期性集体生产方式。随着各项活动的成功开展，“采摘”已从一项东区传统转变为一种在不同文化背景、不同地域的人群中都广受欢迎的活动。本文作者认为，城乡之间的联系不能仅凭距离远近来界定，乡村不仅可以为城市社区提供传统农业知识及自然资源，也可供城市居民探索新生活方式。

关键词

城乡；乡村实践；社区；生产

Abstract 

The article focuses on the undesirable binary between the rural and the urban and uses Company Drinks as an example of a reverse rural-urban relationship, where an inner city population migrates temporarily to the countryside, which is relevant to the hop-picking tradition (“hopping”) practiced by working-class families from London’s East End. In this case, a working-class community has developed its own rural practice, moving between rural and urban settings on a regular basis. Company Drinks is a new model cultural enterprise that uses the collective memory of hopping as a starting point to rethink and reintroduce an adaptive collective production cycle into East London everyday life. With various successful activities being held, going picking has been far from an East End tradition and become a universal activity recognized and appreciated across different cultures and landscapes. The author believes that rural-urban link cannot be controlled from a distance. Rural society offers knowledge and resource that can empower urban communities, and can test and provide conditions for alternatives to urban lifestyles.

Key words

Rural-Urban; Rural Practice; Community; Production