《景观设计学》2020年第2期

俞孔坚•城市儿童需要怎样的乐园？——《景观设计学》2020年第2期“主编寄语”

What Kind of Play Space do Children Need in the City?, By Yu Kongjian 

相较于当今城市里的儿童，似乎有很多理由可以说我的童年是“不幸福”的：没有专门的儿童游乐场，没有幼儿园里干净整洁的阅览室和琳琅满目的读物，没有乐高，没有形状各异、机关精巧的机器人玩具，也没有可供打滚攀爬的沙坑与网架，以及颜色鲜艳的滑梯；上学没有父母开车接送，校门口也没有守卫斑马线的警察叔叔……但同时，也有同样多的理由让我感到自己的童年是最幸福的。

在我的童年世界里，乐园没有边界，也没有围栏，它们便是溪滩、树林、田野、菜园，还有迷宫一样的巷弄；我甚至经常翻过邻家菜园的围墙，躲藏在黄瓜架的后面，让玩捉迷藏的小伙伴好半天都找不到。更有意思的是，只要你循着弯弯窄窄的田埂，在水渠尽头的小叠瀑下，一定会看到成群的鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）在水花中嬉戏，只需用簸箕或菜篮子当渔具，便可满载而归；田头的土丘上常常会有田鼠洞，洞口藏在草丛中，我和伙伴们往洞里灌水，直到田鼠从另外一个出口逃出，正好钻进我们布设的口袋；更大的“猎物”是在白沙溪与婺江交汇处的鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio），那正是唐代诗人戴叔伦驻足吟唱《兰溪棹歌》的地方：“兰溪三日桃花雨，半夜鲤鱼来上滩。”不同的是，春雨过后，鲤鱼在白天也会上滩，它们先是像飞箭一样，在水草中逆流穿梭，然后迅速消失在百步之外的深潭里，你必须在此之前将其擒住。一群小孩当然很少有成功的，但在溪滩上捕鱼确实有无限的乐趣，至今还常常在我的梦境中重现。

在五、六岁时，我负责照看一对兔子和一只山羊，它们都是我心爱的伙伴，是母亲带着我到五里之外的农家买来的，并幻想通过“鸡生蛋、蛋生鸡”来补贴家用。兔子必须雌雄配对，因此我也学会了如何鉴别幼兔的性别—那是很难的事。每天放学之后，我都要采一篮筐青草喂兔子，沾满水的青草是不能喂的，也不要采水蓼（Polygonum hydropiper）之类的植物，那都会给兔子带来麻烦。后来，兔子长大要下崽了，在家中院子里的泥土地上打了个地洞做窝，那是它们的天性——所以，如果像城里的儿童那样把兔子养在笼子里或者水泥地上，兔子一定很难受，无论将窝布置得如何精巧，对它们来说都是“监狱”——很快，它们生出了一窝小兔，拿到集市上去卖，可以换来家里的油盐钱。我的小山羊没有挑选得很好，长得又慢又不丰产，三年了只生出一只小羊羔，爸爸就决定把它连小羊羔一起卖掉了，我很是伤心。尽管如此，每天傍晚放羊的经历却带给了我无穷的乐趣，它总是带着我穿越高高低低的田埂，体验沉浸于自然的快乐：或走入布满荆棘的荒冢高地，探寻神秘的境地；或潜入高坡下的深涧，呼吸清凉的空气；或拨开浓密的柳林，在如毡的绿茵上体会豁然开朗的惊喜。

虽然从没有买过玩具，但我的玩具也有不少，比如到村前水塘边挖一块黄泥，把它捏成坦克的车身和轮子，然后在太阳下曝晒，再把晒干的零件组装起来，操纵它在石板桥上隆隆开动；或用黄土捏出冲锋的士兵，再将水菖蒲（Acorus calamus）的叶子做成剑戟。挑选一个理想的树枝做弹弓并不容易，乌桕（Sapium sebiferum）的丫杈是最好的，柳树（Salix spp.）的枝条却不行。用溪滩上的大叶芦竹（Arundo donax）可以做笛子，但最好是用邻家老宅基上长出来的刚竹（Phyllostachys viridis），吹起来声音更加清亮。

早春天，盼着棕榈（Trachycarpus fortunei）花穗从厚厚的叶片包裹中挤出，那是玩打仗游戏最好的弹药，掰下那粟米一样的花粒装进口袋，鼓鼓囊囊的，有种被武装起来的威武感，随时准备与同伴“战斗”；再用花序的苞衣做成帆船，放到水渠中顺流而下。秋天可以做玩具的东西就更多了，我会跟在大人们身后，等他们剥去苎麻（Boehmeria nivea）的纤维，再捡拾白花花的麻杆，用来搭建“房子”；我还会爬上无患子（Sapindus mukorossi）树，摘下金灿灿的果实，把皮剥下来交给姐姐们拿去当肥皂，我则只收藏其中的黑色种子，日积月累，收集了好几罐，偶尔分给同伴们，还因此在他们当中获得了相当高的地位。

沿着田埂路去上学，从不用担心被汽车撞上，也从不需要父母陪送。一路上总伴着潺潺的水流声、不时从脚上跳过的青蛙跃入水渠的噗通声，还有灌木中惊起的鸟鸣。邻村的孩子则从另外一条小径跳跃着奔向学校，身影远远地闪动在齐腰高庄稼的绿涛之上……

反观如今城市中的儿童，车水马龙的街道将他们围困于社区之中，高度硬质化的水系更是潜在的死亡陷阱，电子游戏给他们营造了人工的虚拟世界，就连乐园里所谓的“自然”植被也只是光鲜的园艺化品种和整形化的装饰，想找一只天然萤火虫都成了一种奢侈……我不能说这样的环境没有为儿童带来真正的幸福和欢乐，无益于智力启迪或心灵培育；但我可以肯定的是，他们的梦中绝不会有鲤鱼上滩的惊喜，也不会有从棕榈树上掰下花序的满足，更难以明白缘何仅仅两米高差的土地就可以造就一个与周遭环境迥异的清凉世界。

Compared to children in the city today, my childhood might seem lacking. There was no special playground, no reading room with new pictured books, no Legos, no sophisticated robot toys of different shapes, no sandpits or colorful slides. There were no parents driving to school to pick up children and no crossing guards at the school gate. At the same time, there were also many reasons that my childhood was a happy one.

When I was a child, the play space had no fences. Creeks, woods, fields, vegetable gardens, and maze-like alleys were all playgrounds. When playing hide-and-seek, I often climbed over walls to hide behind cucumber trellises in my neighbor’s vegetable garden. What was more interesting, if one followed the winding and narrow field banks, groups of crucian carps (Carassius auratus) could be found playing under the cascade at the end of irrigation canals; they could be caught easily just with winnowing fans or bamboo baskets. There were many carves of voles in crop fields, and I often caught voles for fun by pouring water into the holes. One of the best games was catching carp (Cyprinus carpio) at the intersection of the Baisha Stream and the Wujiang River, where Dai Shulun, a poet from the Tang Dynasty, wrote his famous poetry named A Fishman’s Song of Lanxi River, describing the carps that gathered around and jumped onto the river shoal in midnights after spring rains. To my knowledge, carps also appeared during daytime, passing so swiftly through aquatic plants; it was almost impossible to catch them but always joyful to have a try. Such a great fun still remains refresh in my memory.

When I was five or six, my mother bought me a pair of rabbits and a goat from a farmhouse several kilometers away. I was responsible for looking after them and they became my beloved companions. Young rabbits are always matched in pairs, so I learned to identify their sex, which is not an easy task; I also knew that plants like water pepper (Polygonum hydropiper) or wet grasses cannot be fed with rabbits; when the rabbits grew up and prepared to breed, they would make a nest from grass and mud — living in a cage as a children’s pet nowadays is harm to their habit. Then the rabbit babies were sold on market to help with family expenses. My goat was not selected well. It grew up slowly and gave birth to only one lamb after three years. Later they were both sold, which made me very sad. Nonetheless, the experience of raising the goat and herding it every day after school brought lots of fun. It was a joy to be immersed in nature as I walked with the goat: I explored the undulating fields, the mysterious lands, the mountain creeks with cool air, and the open grasslands behind the willow groves.

Although I never bought toys, I had lots of things to play. The mud dug out of the pond could be made into a shape of tank and then left it to dry in the sun. The dried tank became a fantastic toy along with mud “soldiers” with calamus (Acorus calamus) “swords.” Other times I would make slingshots from branches of Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum), rather than willow trees (Salix spp.). For a flute, bamboo reeds (Arundo donax), especially rigid bamboo (Phyllostachys viridis), are the best for a clear and melodious sound. 

In the early spring, the corn-like spikes of palms (Trachycarpus fortunei) were always the best “ammunition” for battle games, which could be collected in pockets, making me feel armed, mighty, and ready to “fight” at any time. Their spathes could float in the canal as “ships.” In the autumn, there were more materials to make toys. I often followed the adults, waiting for them to strip the fiber of ramies (Boehmeria nivea), then picking up the white stalks to build “houses.” I would also climb chinaberry trees (Sapindus mukorossi) to harvest the golden fruits, saving their skins as soaps and collecting the small black seeds for trading with friends, which brought me high status among them.

On the way to school along the edges of fields, I never worried about being hit by a car or needed protection of my parents. The sound of gurgling creeks, splashing frogs, and chirping birds kept me company. Kids from neighboring villages also ran to school, jumping up and down through the fields, where the breezing green crops seemed to echo their cheers.

Today, children in the city are besieged by busy streets and harden water systems full of latent danger, and they often have to stay close to home. Video games create an artificial world for children, artificial play places increase, and the so-called “natural” landscapes in urban parks are nothing but neatly trimmed horticultural plants — now finding a firefly becomes a luxury. I do not want to suggest that such an environment has not engendered childlike joy or enlightenment; but I am afraid that children in the city could hardly imagine a world with jumping carps, inflorescences of palm trees, and the dramatic micro-climate changes within the undulating landform.

主编寄语 

城市儿童需要怎样的乐园？（俞孔坚）

论文

基于国外文献综述的社区环境儿童出行安全评价指标（徐梦一，沈瑶，廖堉珲，海伦•伍利）

深圳城中村及正规居住区内儿童离校后活动情况调查研究（约翰•扎卡赖亚斯，韩西丽，陈义勇）

儿童友好型社区营造中的参与者社会网络构建与分析——以湖南省长沙市育才第三小学“娃娃农园”营造实践为例（彭姗妮，周晨，周雅昕）

面向积极生活的建成环境量表比较研究（徐振，王沂凡，徐秋霞，韩凌云，徐斐）

面向循证设计的景观绩效评价研究：发展、内涵与重点（杨阳，林广思）

观点与评论

城市儿童空间设计中的认知科学（斯黛拉•克里斯蒂，吕金云，方艺瑾，韩西丽）

城市需要怎样的儿童基础设施——儿童权利导向型城市空间建设（彭文洁）

儿童友好型城市建设背景下景观设计师的职责和角色转变（黄伊伟）

主题实践

城市儿童公共空间——广州俄罗斯方块商业广场景观设计（钟惠城）

深圳蛇口学校广场景观改造（黄丹霞，梁瑞华）

探索与过程

难民危机下的儿童安全游乐空间（里卡尔多•卢卡•康迪）

针对婴幼儿及其看护者的新冠肺炎（COVID-19）城市应对方案（闻智渊）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——儿童与城市环境

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers • Children and Urban Environments

【作者】徐梦一（XU Mengyi），沈瑶（SHEN Yao），廖堉珲（LIAO Yuhui）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司 

【页码】174页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X 

【出版日期】2020年4月

【定价】58.00元

基于国外文献综述的社区环境儿童出行安全评价指标

^{Evaluation Indicators of Children’s Mobility Safety in the Community Environment} 

^{Based on English Literature Review}

^{作者：徐梦一，沈瑶，廖堉珲，海伦•伍利  XU Mengyi, SHEN Yao, LIAO Yuhui, Helen WOOLLEY}

摘要

联合国儿童基金会的“儿童友好型城市倡议”以维护儿童权利为核心，旨在推进有益于儿童发展的城市及社区环境建设，而“安全”是最基本的儿童权利。本文以儿童友好型城市倡议中社会、健康、出行三大层面的安全要求为基础，重点探讨如何在社区环境层面评价儿童的出行安全。研究从41篇国外指标类文献（含18项评价工具）和82篇其他类文献中提取出评价社区环境下儿童出行安全的相关指标，构建含有“机动车交通环境”“步行／骑行环境”“其他指标”三项一级指标的评价指标框架，并根据出行安全的不同维度，将其进一步分为11项二级指标、29项三级指标，以及若干四级指标。这一基于国外语境的出行安全指标框架虽然有待在地性验证，但将有助于对中国现有环境建设规范中出行安全的相关要求进行系统性完善、建立更为精细化的分层指标体系，为项目实践中的各阶段评估应用提供有益参考。

关键词 

儿童友好型城市；出行安全；社区环境；步行与骑行；评价指标；文献综述

ABSTRACT  

The Child Friendly Cities Initiative launched by UNICEF aims to protect child rights and promote the establishment of urban and community environment conductive to children development, and safety must be guaranteed first as the precondition of the child rights. Based on social, health, and mobility safety required by the initiative, this paper focuses on how to evaluate children’s mobility safety in the community environment. After literature review, 41 indicator articles involving 18 assessment tools and 82 other articles were screened, and safety-related indicators were selected to establish an evaluation indicator framework composed of three first-level indictors, i.e.,  motor traffic environment, walking / bicycling environment, and other indicators. They were further subdivided into 11 second-level indicators, 29 third-level indicators, and more fourth-level indicators. Although this framework needs localized verification and adaption in Chinese cities, it can help systematically improve the mobility safety requirements of the existing regulations and guidelines of urban environment construction to establish a multi-leveled indicator system and provide references for performance evaluation on related practice at all stages.

KEYWORDS 

Child Friendly City; Mobility Safety; Community Environment; Walking and Bicycling; Evaluation Indicators; Literature Review

深圳城中村及正规居住区内儿童离校后活动情况调查研究

^{Afterschool Activity of Children Living in Urban Villages and Planned Communities in Shenzhen}

^{作者：约翰•扎卡赖亚斯，韩西丽，陈义勇  John ZACHARIAS, HAN Xili, CHEN Yiyong}

摘要

放学离校后是儿童日常体力活动的主要时段。本次研究旨在填补人们对于中国初中生离校后活动的认知空白。为了了解深圳城中村儿童及正规居住区儿童的离校后活动情况，本研究选取了深圳三所位于典型学区内的中学，并随机抽取班级进行问卷调查，最终收回366份完整问卷，并获取了一周5个工作日内学生进行中高强度体力活动（MVPA）、参加课外班、久坐情况，以及上下学出行路线的完整数据。研究发现，积极出行距离越远，产生的MVPA越多，且积极出行存在距离阈值。与家住正规居住区的儿童相比，居住在城中村的儿童出行距离更远，进行的MVPA更多。不同儿童的MVPA水平差异显著，但MVPA与课外班的数量以及上下学的交通方式无关。尽管研究结果表明，中国初中生的离校后活动水平高于西方国家，但相关积极活动在初三一年被迫终止，原因是初三学生需要将几乎所有时间都投入到准备高中入学考试之中。本次研究揭示了社会背景以及住所－学校距离远近对于中国儿童进行MVPA的重要性，并指出虽然当前的城市规划有助于儿童实现积极出行，但仍需进一步削减日益增加的机动车辆、宽马路、障碍物等因素对儿童出行造成的不利影响。

关键词

儿童；体力活动；中高强度体力活动；积极出行；城中村；中学；课外班

Abstract  

Afterschool is an important time period for children to improve their weekday physical activity. This study aimed at filling a gap in people’s knowledge of middle school children’s afterschool activity in China. In order to study afterschool activity of children living in urban villages and planned communities in Shenzhen, a questionnaire was applied in three schools located in the typical school districts in Shenzhen, aimed at a 100% sample of randomly selected classrooms. Complete data for moderate-to-vigorous physical activities (MVPA), cram schools, sedentary activities, and the itineraries of their school-to-home commutes were obtained for 5 weekdays in one week in an in-class survey, for a total of 366 complete surveys. It was found that a greater active commuting distance from school generated more MVPA, and there was a distance threshold for active commutes. Children residing in urban villages travelled farther and engaged in more MVPA than did children in planned residential areas. MVPA varied greatly among children but was unrelated to the number of cram schools or transport mode to school. Although these results showed greater levels of afterschool activity than that have been found generally in surveys in Western contexts, such active activity terminates in the final year of middle school when students devote nearly all available time to study for high school entrance exams. This study revealed the importance of social context and distance to school for children’s MVPA in China, and pointed out that the current urban planning contributes to active travel of children but needs further adjustment to mitigate the effects of increasing motorization, bigger roads, and physical barriers to movement.  

Key words 

Children; Physical Activity; Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA); Active Commuting; Urban Village; Middle School; Cram School

儿童友好型社区营造中的参与者社会网络构建与分析—以湖南省长沙市育才第三小学“娃娃农园”营造实践为例

^{The Establishment and Analyses of the Social Network of Participants in Child-Friendly Community Building — A Case of The Kids’ Gardens in Yucai No. 3 Primary School in Changsha, Hunan Province}

^{作者：彭姗妮，周晨，周雅昕  PENG Shanni, ZHOU Chen, ZHOU Yaxin}

摘要

本研究针对中国大陆地区社区营造过程中公众参与和多元合作模式面临的现实问题，以湖南省长沙市育才第三小学“娃娃农园”营造实践为例，运用社会网络分析软件（UCINET），建立了基于联系网络的社群图，对儿童友好型社区营造实践过程中的参与者主体特征及其网络关系的变化展开了系统解析。由此发现，“娃娃农园”联合居民（“民”）、政府和党组织（“政”）、高校（“校”），以及企事业单位和组织（“企”）四方力量，成功借助外部力量带动各方参与，撬动了“企”方社区的内部资源；在营造过程中，被培育的“企”方最终克服了组织惰性、脱离了外部力量，实现了独立运营并发展壮大。研究结果表明，从参与者社会网络结构的整体视角来看，存在自主模式与依赖模式两种不同方向，其中以内部关系主导、致密组织、树状结构和结构进化为特征的自主模式在网络发展中更具优势；从参与主体的个体视角来看，网络中存在一些关键代理角色，其“中介”工作可以提高营造活动的成功率。最后，根据上述结论，本研究从加强空间对多种功能的适用性、细分责任区块、提供“半完成”状态的空间，以及分期开发等方面为同类型的社区营造实践提供了可借鉴的空间设计策略。

关键词 

参与者；社会网络；儿童；社区营造；“娃娃农园”；培育；空间设计

Abstract  

Introducing the case of the Kids’ Gardens in Yucai No. 3 Primary School in Changsha City, Hunan Province, this study established sociograms upon the contact-frequency-based network with UCINET to systematically analyze the characteristics of different participants in the process of the child-friendly community building and the varying pattern of all social relations, aiming at addressing problems emerging in public participation and multi-stakeholder collaboration in Chinese mainland. It was found that by bonding stakeholders including citizens, the government and party organizations, universities, and public institutions and enterprises, this practice encouraged the school — as a community — to leverage its internal resources. The school finally overcame the organizational inertia and achieved independent operation and growth during the process of community building. The study also demonstrated that the social network of participants was developed and defined with both independent and dependent modes from an overall perspective, of which the former characterized for its dominant internal ties and a dense tree-like hierarchical management structure might be more efficient. From a participant perspective, the brokerage roles in key nodes were critical to the community building. Finally, spatial design strategies, including enhancing the spatial affordance to serve diverse activities, space zoning and allocation, offering “half-done” spaces, and phased development, were provided for similar community building practice.  

Key words 

Participants; Social Network; Children; Community Building; Kids’ Gardens; Cultivation; Spatial Design

面向积极生活的建成环境量表比较研究

^{Comparative Research of Audit Tools on Built Environment for Active Living}

^{作者：徐振，王沂凡，徐秋霞，韩凌云，徐斐  XU Zhen, WANG Yifan, XU Qiuxia, HAN Lingyun, XU Fei}

摘要

当前，慢性非传染性疾病严重影响社会整体公共健康水平，并已造成巨大的社会经济负担。大量研究表明，以促进体力活动的方式来提倡积极生活能够预防和治疗部分慢性疾病，而评测影响体力活动的潜在建成环境要素是通过环境规划设计实践促进积极生活的认知前提。本文聚焦与体力活动密切相关的建成环境量表，阐述了国际上度量体力活动的相关环境量表的编制背景、整体特征及研究现状，分析了26种环境量表的选项设置、主要度量要素、计算方式、适用范围，以及实际研究应用等，并分别对社区、开放空间、其他环境三种类型量表的具体指标内容进行说明。研究发现，虽然量表种类多样，但其编制和应用遵循特定模式，其中，设施、可达性、视觉质量、安全性是量表中常见的指标类型。通过梳理相关量表编制、分析、校验的国际经验，本文试图为中国同类环境量表的编制提供借鉴，进而为评估社区营造及健康城市建设提供参考。

关键词 

量表；建成环境；体力活动；健康影响评价；城市设计；快速环境评估

Abstract  

Nowadays, chronic non-communicable diseases have impacted the overall public health level of societies and caused severe socio-economic burden. Empirical studies have revealed that physical activities can promote active living and help prevent and heal non-communicable diseases. Evaluation of built environment factors associated with physical activities is the precondition of promoting active living through environmental planning and design. This paper focuses on environmental audit tools related to physical activities, reviews the background, interests, and progress of international research, and compares the option forms, main measured factors, scoring methods, and application suitability of 26 audit tools. It then categorizes these audit tools into the ones for community, open space, and other scenarios, and examines their indicator items respectively. The paper concludes a preparation pattern across various audit tools, and identifies that facilities, accessibility, visual quality, and safety are the indicators most commonly measured. This paper attempts to introduce international experience of developing, analyzing, and verifying audit tools to inform Chinese research and practice and provide references for evaluating the design and construction of healthy cities or communities. 

Key words 

Audit Tool; Built Environment; Physical Activity; Health Impact Assessment; Urban Design; Quick Environmental Assessment

面向循证设计的景观绩效评估研究：发展、内涵与重点

^{The Development, Connotations, and Interests of Research on Landscape Performance Evaluation for Evidence-Based Design}

^{作者：杨阳，林广思  YANG Yang, LIN Guangsi}

摘要

景观绩效评估是风景园林学走向循证科学的可行途径。虽然相关研究日益丰富，但是当前研究多侧重评估指标和方法的选择，或对建成项目的可持续性特征进行描述的层面，鲜有对景观绩效评估理论发展和本质内涵的深入探讨。因此，本文首先回溯了景观绩效评估研究演进中涌现的三种主要研究体系——POE、SITES和LPS，并通过对其理论特点和进阶关系的比较分析，明确了景观绩效评估研究逐步面向循证设计的发展过程；然后，进一步揭示了景观绩效评估概念蕴含的对“设计策略－实际效益”因果关系的探究；最后围绕其内涵属性和作用目标，提出“设计效能的反馈分析”和“生产具有实践操作性的知识”是服务于循证设计的景观绩效评估研究的两个研究重点，且能为高绩效的景观设计实践提供切实可行的证据支撑。

关键词 

景观绩效评估；使用后评估；场地可持续性设计行动计划；循证设计；设计效能；研究与实践

Abstract  

Landscape performance evaluation plays an important role in Landscape Architecture’s transformation to an evidence-based science. Most of existing relevant studies focus on the selection of evaluation indicators and methods, or description of the sustainability characteristics of completed projects, while in-depth theoretical discussion on its development processes and essential connotation is still in shortage. By tracing back and comparing the theoretical characteristics and development relationships of the three major systems — POE, SITES, and LPS, this paper clarifies the evolution of landscape performance evaluation towards serving evidence-based design, and further expounds its connotation of discovering the causality of design strategies and benefit results. Finally, two research interests, “feedback analysis of design efficiency” and “producing practical and operable knowledge” are proposed with significance as a key to support high-performance landscape design practices with reliable evidences. 

Key words 

Landscape Performance Evaluation; Post Occupancy Evaluation; Sustainable Sites Initiative; Evidence-Based Design; Design Efficiency; Research and Practice

城市儿童空间设计中的认知科学

^{The Cognitive Science of Urban Space Design for Children}

^{作者：斯黛拉•克里斯蒂，吕金云，方艺瑾，韩西丽  Stella CHRISTIE, LYU Jinyun, FANG Yijin, HAN Xili}

摘要

在设计城市儿童空间时，一个重要的考量因素是思考空间将如何助益儿童的成长和学习。大量认知科学研究表明，各类基于实证的游戏可促进儿童的社交、认知和运动能力的发展。本文回顾了认知和发展科学中有关游戏对学习的裨益的知识体系，并鼓励城市设计师对其加以利用。文章首先指出了各类游戏可提供的不同学习裨益。若要在城市空间中最大程度地通过游戏促进儿童学习，那么设计师应考虑设计的功能可供性—即设计能够激发什么样的游戏。其次，文章梳理了相关的认知科学证据，指出挑战性和模糊性可以促进儿童的学习和探索性行为，而挑战性和模糊性设计可以提升儿童的学习和创造力。再次，游戏对儿童的社交学习至关重要，为儿童进行社交活动创造了机会。城市设计可以通过营造游戏空间或引入游戏设施——既包括儿童间的游戏，也包括亲子游戏——来激发社会学习。此外，本文还结合实际案例说明了基于认知科学的城市空间的设计过程。

关键词

城市设计；儿童；认知科学；学习；游戏

Abstract

An important consideration in designing urban spaces for children is that it should aid children’s development and learning. An extensive literature from Cognitive Science has established that children’s social, cognitive, and motor development is promoted by various, well-researched types of play. This article reviews the body of knowledge from Cognitive and Developmental Science concerning the benefits of play for learning and explains that it can and should be harnessed by urban designers. First, the review shows that different types of play confer different learning benefits. Urban space design that attempts to maximize learning from play should consider design’s affordance — what types of play are afforded by the design. Second, evidence from Cognitive Science show that children’s learning and exploration are fostered by challenge and ambiguity. Design that embraces these increases learning and creativity. Third, play is critical for children’s social learning, as it gives children the opportunity to practice social interaction. Urban design can catalyze social learning by creating spaces and structures that invite play among peers, as well as parent-child play. Beyond this theoretical review, this article also illustrates how to realistically implement these Cognitive Science-oriented urban design with an authentic case study.

Key words 

Urban Design; Children; Cognitive Science; Learning; Play

城市需要怎样的儿童基础设施——儿童权利导向型城市空间建设

^{Child’s Infrastructure in Cities — Urban Planning and Design to Guarantee Child Rights}

^{作者：彭文洁  PENG Wenjie}

摘要

本文首先梳理了儿童权利和儿童友好型城市的概念，指出儿童权利是儿童友好城市建设的核心，而后结合中国城镇化进程中的儿童空间实践现状，指出在不同背景条件下解读儿童权利、合理解决儿童权利与城市空间发展之间的冲突，是中国儿童友好型城市建设面临的难题。为应对这些问题，文章提出需要在城市空间中构建以儿童权利导向的，分层面、分类型、分年龄段的儿童基础设施网络，并强调儿童基础设施建设不能依赖一次性投资，而是需要遵循渐进式规划方法。最后，文章明确指出，儿童参与是儿童友好型城市建设的核心技术，也是本土化实施难点，需要长期的儿童参与能力建设与顶层管理机制保障。

关键词 

儿童权利；儿童友好型城市；儿童基础设施；城市规划；渐进式规划；儿童参与

Abstract  

This article reviews the concepts of child rights and Child Friendly City at first and underlines that essentially Child Friendly City construction is to protect and guarantee child rights. By examining China’s reality of the design practice for children, the author points out that to build a Child Friendly City, two challenges must be addressed: interpreting child rights in different societal and cultural contexts, and mitigating interest conflicts between the protection of child rights with the current urban construction. In response, the author emphasizes the importance to build child’s infrastructure that is devised to serve varied scenarios, purposes, and childhoods, as well as the fact that this is not a once-for-all investment but requires an evolving planning mechanism. Finally, the article states that children’s participation is the key to Child Friendly City construction and the greatest challenge to local implementation, which asks for long-term capacity building for children’s participation and strong support by a top-down management system.

Key words 

Child Rights; Child Friendly City; Child‘s Infrastructure; Urban Planning; Evolving Planning; Children’s Participation

儿童友好型城市建设背景下景观设计师的职责和角色转变

Responsibilities and Roles of Landscape Architects in the Establishment of Child Friendly City

作者：黄伊伟  HUANG Yiwei

摘要

在“儿童友好型城市倡议”发起20余载后，中国景观设计行业的相关实践进展依然较为缓慢，建成的儿童活动空间与儿童友好型城市的愿景仍存在一定差距。本文指出，导致这一问题的原因包括：1）儿童作为这些项目的核心使用者，未能充分参与设计过程，致使其真实需求并未反映在设计方案中；2）目前的城市儿童景观设计主要围绕独立项目进行设计定位和概念提炼，缺乏从文化和社会层面对整个城市儿童活动空间系统及其对儿童产生的影响进行综合考量。对此，本文提出，景观设计师可从生态系统理论和公众参与理论中获得启发，积极拓展自身在未来儿童友好型城市营造中的职责。最后，本文通过介绍美国“成长在博尔德”计划、英国伦敦的“游乐和非正式娱乐”策略，以及美国绿色校园三个国际案例，阐明景观设计师在儿童友好型城市的建设中不仅仅是设计策略的制定者，亦可充当利益相关方的协调者和参与式设计项目的发起者；景观设计师的工作也不应限于传统的儿童游乐空间设计，而应更加关注社区和整个城市的空间格局，以推动整个社会对儿童权利的重视，最终完成城市空间的串联、整合与整体提升。

关键词 

儿童友好型城市；城市空间；生态系统理论；公众参与；参与式设计；景观设计；社会职责

Abstract  

More than 20 years have passed since the launch of the Child Friendly Cities Initiative. However, relevant practices in China are still insufficient and laggard. This article concludes two reasons: 1) children participation in the design process is far insufficient and results in the failure of the expression of core users’ demands; and 2) landscape architects less think of the holism of such children spaces at a city scale with considerations on city’s cultural identity and societal backdrops, and also ignore the influence of such places on children’s development. With these problems in mind, this article proposes that landscape architects can draw inspiration from the Ecological Systems Theory and Public Participation Theory, actively expanding their responsibilities in the establishment of Child Friendly City. Following that, three international case studies, namely Growing Up Boulder Initiative, Play and Informal Recreation Strategy of London, and Green Schoolyard America, are introduced to demonstrate that landscape architects should not just design proposals, but act as coordinators among different parties and leaders of innovative urban space renovation. As the integrator of the urban spatial framework, landscape architects should go beyond the design of individual playgrounds and focus on improving community environment and the spatial pattern of the whole city, in order to protect child rights and to realize integration and improvement of urban spaces.

Key words 

Child Friendly City; Urban Space; Ecological Systems Theory; Public Participation; Participatory Design; Landscape Architecture; Social Responsibilities

城市儿童公共空间——广州俄罗斯方块商业广场景观设计

^{Urban Public Space for Children — Landscape Design of Tetris Square in Guangzhou}

^{作者：钟惠城  ZHONG Huicheng}

摘要

俄罗斯方块广场是一个位于广州市天河区社区综合体一隅的商业广场。业主将该广场定义为具有儿童游乐功能的商业空间，但设计师更愿意将其视作服务于周边年轻社区及核心家庭的公共空间，因此，设计围绕着解决一系列社区问题展开。不同于一般的商业广场项目，该项目以营造空间代替摆放成品游戏设施，生成了许多灵活的空间与场景。同时，设计师没有遵循传统商业广场以少种树来保持店铺通透可视的原则，而是巧妙结合游憩设施，在场地中“隐藏”了一片树林，为广场带来了更多的人气和荫凉。此外，设计师采用方格网设计语言，有效实现了物料的精简，同时简化了施工难度，使得施工质量也更易于把控。由此衍生而来的模块化混凝土装置被广泛应用于整个综合体之中，其两款基本模块可以以20多种方式进行自由组合。建成后的项目既是一处城市亲子乐园，也是周边社区的公共空间。设计师致力于通过更加友好、更加自然的设计和游戏方式，让孩子们在探索中学习，并构建对外部环境的认知体系，提升他们的想象力和创造力。

关键词 

城市公共空间；儿童游乐空间；广场；亲子；商业空间

Abstract  

Tetris Square is a commercial plaza located in a corner of a large mixed-use development in Tianhe District, Guangzhou. Designers treated the site as an urban public space rather than a commercial place simply for children play, with focus on younger users and core families. Landscape architects attempt to respond to a series of community demands with a smarter proposal. Instead of a direct use of finished play equipment, designers create many flexible spaces for diverse play experience, and “hide” a grove by integrating it into the play facilities, which introduces an urban oasis attracting more visitors to the square. This does not follow the conventional design principle of commercial spaces which is to plant as few trees as possible for a maximum storefront display. The grid modules of squares make facility fabrication and installation much easier, helping save the costs and ensure the construction quality. Assembled precast concrete outdoor furniture was used extensively in the whole complex. Landscape architects designed only two basic precast concrete modules, which could be assembled into more than twenty combinations. Now Tetris Square is an urban playground for children and their parents, as well as a public space for other residents in adjacent communities. The project provides children with fun and happiness through user-friendly and naturalized design, encouraging children’s cognitive learning from the external world, and simulating their imagination and creativity in play.

Key words 

Urban Public Space; Children Playground; Plaza; Parent-Child; Commercial Space

深圳蛇口学校广场景观改造

^{Landscape Renovation of Shekou School Square in Shenzhen}

^{作者：黄丹霞，梁瑞华  HUANG Danxia, LIANG Ruihua}

摘要

蛇口学校广场是一个位于广东省深圳市南山区的小尺度城市公共空间改造项目。开始设计前，设计团队首先对广场使用者进行了共计7天的行为习惯调研，记录了他们对广场的使用需求，并通过采访当地居民了解到他们对于这处场地的深厚感情，随后以“光阴的故事”为主线，打破原本封闭的场地边界，并通过置入模块化坐凳、学校标识展示墙、童年游戏剪影、互动科普装置、体能游戏图案等设计元素，创造了大量的休闲及游戏空间，满足了不同人群的使用需求，同时引导人们以多种方式使用场地。设计团队采用研究型设计方法，基于细致深入的场地调研和精细化设计，创造了有利于儿童和老人身心健康的公共空间，促进了不同人群的交流互动，并显著提升了城市公共空间品质。此外，针对项目的使用后观察以及对后期维护和使用情况的经验总结，也为设计团队对同类型的公共空间设计提供了宝贵经验。

关键词 

口袋公园；儿童；城市微更新；街角广场；模块化设计

Abstract  

The landscape renovation project of Shekou School Square in Nanshan District of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China is a micro renewal of urban public space. Through a seven-day investigation on user behaviors of the square, the design team recorded various usage needs and learned about the deep feelings of the local residents to the site. The team then conceived a design theme of “Time Story” by opening the boundary of the site and creating recreational spaces and features such as modular seats, school logo display wall, childhood game silhouettes on planters, interactive installations for science education, and physical game patterns on the ground, the needs of various groups were met and more ways to use the square could be developed. The team adopted a research-based method and refined design to create a public space that is conducive to the physical and mental health of children and the elderly, promoting communication and interaction between different user groups, and significantly improving the quality of urban public space. In addition, the team’s post-occupancy observation and reflections on maintenance and utilization provide valuable experience for future design.

Key words 

Pocket Park; Children; Micro Urban Renewal; Corner Square; Modular Design

难民危机下的儿童安全游乐空间

^{Safe Play Spaces for Children in Emergency Contexts}

^{作者：里卡尔多•卢卡•康迪  Riccardo Luca CONTI}

摘要

本文回顾了CatalyticAction设计工作室为寄居于黎巴嫩的叙利亚难民儿童建造“微笑游乐场”这一特殊空间的整个过程，旨在探索如何通过建筑应对脆弱社区所面临的挑战，并改善现有的人道主义实践。文章首先介绍了叙利亚难民危机，以及这一背景与微笑游乐场设计理念的关联，随后探讨了游乐场建造过程中的社区参与模式，以及项目期待传达的设计价值观，包括使用本地材料和本地劳动力以振兴当地经济。最后，文章介绍了近年来CatalyticAction设计工作室针对难民儿童的其他项目。通过5年多的社区合作与在地实践，设计团队证明了游乐空间对于提升弱势群体福祉的重要作用，在制定应急响应方案时应对此予以更多重视。

关键词

儿童；难民；游乐场；设计；叙利亚；黎巴嫩

Abstract

The article reflects on the IBTASEM playground project, looking at the process that led CatalyticAction’s co-founders to implement this particular space for Syrian refugee children in Lebanon, and aiming at understanding how architecture can respond to the challenges that vulnerable communities face, and how it could improve existing humanitarian practices. The article begins with a description of the Syrian refugee crisis and how it links to the concept behind the IBTASEM playground project, and then explores the participatory process that CatalyticAction used to implement the project and the design values including using local materials and local labors to promote the local economy. Lastly the article introduces other projects targeting refugee children CatalyticAction has carried out in recent years. After over 5 years of practice working with communities, CatalyticAction has proven that the play space has a massive role in improving the wellbeing of vulnerable populations and it should not be overlooked when planning for emergency response.

^{Key words}

Children; Refugees; Playground; Design; Syria; Lebanon

针对婴幼儿及其看护者的新冠肺炎（COVID-19）城市应对方案

^{An Urban Response to Covid-19: Supporting Babies, Toddlers, and Those Who Care for Them}

^{作者：闻智渊  Julien VINCELOT}

摘要

婴儿的大脑中每秒能形成100万个新的神经连接，这些连接为他们的终生发展奠定了基础，其产生也受到婴幼儿从其主要看护者那里获得照顾的频次、质量，以及他们所处环境的影响。为保护婴幼儿及其看护者的健康，降低新冠肺炎（COVID-19）对他们的负面影响，城市需要为他们量身定制应对措施。由于公园等主要基础设施和服务设施的关闭、出行受限以及社区隔离等因素，婴幼儿看护者（通常为其父母）难以获得城市的日常支持，这将影响城市中婴幼儿的健康发展。城市可以通过允许远程访问、改造基础设施与调整服务等一系列积极措施来支持看护者，以确保他们可以安全地获得关键服务并享有城市空间。这些措施不一定是全新的，而应结合现有干预措施，系统性地考虑相关人群的需求。对此，城市可以将共情措施与相关家庭的数据结合起来，并应用于疫情应对措施的评估、定位和制定工作之中。

关键词 

婴幼儿；看护；新冠肺炎（COVID-19）；Urban95倡议；共情；数据

Abstract  

A million new neural connections are formed every second in a baby’s brain. These connections lay the foundations of their lifelong development, and are shaped by the amount and quality of care they receive from their primary caregivers, and by their immediate environment. To protect their health and limit negative consequences from COVID-19 on their long-term development, cities need to tailor their COVID-19 response to the needs of babies, toddlers, and their caregivers. The COVID-19 pandemic affects babies and toddlers in cities by making it harder for their caregivers — most often their parents — to access their regular support systems, due to closures of services and key infrastructure such as parks, mobility restrictions, or isolation from the community. Cities can actively support caregivers through a range of solutions allowing remote access, or adapting infrastructure, services, and facilities to ensure safe in-person access to key services and urban spaces. This does not always require new solutions, but rather a systematic consideration of their needs into existing interventions. To do so, cities can combine empathy methods with data about families, and use those when assessing the situation, and then locating and designing their urban response to COVID-19.

Key words 

Babies and Toddlers; Caregiving; COVID-19; Urban95 Initiative; Empathy; Data