《景观设计学》2020年第4期

俞孔坚•实践研究：创新知识和方法的范式——《景观设计学》2020年第4期“主编寄语”

^{Practice Research: A Paradigm for the Innovation of Knowledge and Methodology, By Yu Kongjian} 

2020年6月9日晚，一场中美国际线上研讨会持续了近两个小时。这是“实践研究”系列讨论的第一场，旨在揭示大学和规划设计机构如何通过研究，就具体实践问题实现理论、方法和技术创新，并促进相关应用与推广。

本次研讨会由麻省理工学院终身教授、著名景观和生态学者安妮•惠斯顿•斯本发起。她曾深入研究美国生态规划的开创者伊恩•L•麦克哈格在宾夕法尼亚大学和他本人创立的WMRT事务所进行的实践研究（包括其著名的创新性实践研究成果《设计结合自然》），以及两个机构间的互动关系。她亦非常好奇中国的相关实践研究如何进行，并为此于麻省理工学院设立了专门的研究课题，重点探讨过去20年间北京大学建筑与景观设计学院和土人设计的实践研究，以及这两个机构之间如何互动并进行知识创新，以解决中国城镇化过程中出现的紧迫问题。受斯本教授的启发，我回顾了“北大－土人”实践研究的模式以及遇到的种种挑战，由此总结了三点思考，与读者分享：

第一，为什么要做实践研究？当我们面对全新而陌生的问题，且缺乏成熟的解决方案或技术支持时，针对性研究便十分必要。例如，由于文化背景、社会制度及地域条件的不同，中国城镇化进程中出现的一系列城市问题，均难以从其他国家的经验和教训中直接找到可靠的预测模式和可借鉴的解决方案；同时，现存的理论方法繁多，但哪种方法更适用于当下中国所面临的具体问题亦不得而知。在某种意义上，这便是“摸着石头过河”——只有通过实践研究才能得到真正有用的知识和解决实际问题的方法，在不断的尝试中积累经验，最终解决问题。

第二，谁来做实践研究？一般而言，院校教师、科研机构的研究员、学生，以及在实践一线的规划设计师是实践研究的主体。但事实上，国内现行的学术考核方式并不鼓励实践研究，而是片面追求论文引用，对实践的理解偏差使得学者更倾向于做学究式的研究，从故纸堆里去寻找课题，热衷于申请由政府设立的所谓“纵向项目”，而较少考虑由企业资助的、用于解决实际问题的“横向项目”。在成果评定中，直接与社会实践相结合的研究课题或多或少会受到忽视。事实上，在“以文章论英雄”的大学里，从职位招聘开始就已经注定了实践研究的弱势地位，也奠定了院校的研究氛围：脱离实践的空泛研究不仅于解决当下的实际问题毫无益处，也使学生们在毕业后无法快速适应社会需求。长此以往，学科和专业的创新能力和解决问题的能力便每况愈下，学科也将失去其存在的意义。

在中国的城镇化和市场化的大潮到来之前，规划设计机构原本有着非常深厚的研究传统，为解决城乡发展过程中的症结开展了大量名副其实的研究，因此常被称为“规划设计研究院”。后来，越来越多的研究院所改制为公司，进入市场；与此同时，在巨变的社会经济环境中，新问题层出不穷，对知识创新和模式创新的需求也随之增加。然而，模式套用之风大行其道，诸如“一轴N廊N中心”“南扩、北控、东拓、西优”的盲目照搬充斥于大江南北各个城市的规划中，“跨江发展”“向海发展”成了套路，滨江大道、滨河大道蔚然成风。建筑与景观设计行业中千篇一律、自欺欺人的规划设计招投标、恶劣的低价竞标，以及近20年不变的低取费标准，导致规划设计人员鲜少能够投入足够的时间精力对实践中的问题进行深入研究，由此造成行业内劣币驱逐良币、从业者薪资和企业利润低下的状况，整体上使一个具有研究性的实践行业退化为“廉价劳动力”主导的生产性行业。在自然资源保护与城乡规划系统内，专业和行业难以适应国家行政机构的调整和国家需求的重大转变，亦暴露出过去数十年来实践研究的严重缺位。

第三，面对当前的不利状况，如何推动实践研究和知识创新？首先，我们希望高校及研究机构能够认识到实践研究的价值，并由此改变各种有损于实践研究积极性的“指挥棒”——事实上，此次新冠肺炎疫情已经以生命为代价，无情地揭示了中国实践研究的窘境，也迫使有关部门名义上取消了唯论文和引用率为导向的评价体系[1]；其次，少数有情怀的学者对社会问题异常敏感，且富有研究热情，他们利用自身影响力引领后辈积极开展实践研究，这些努力和尝试应该被鼓励；再次，随着市场机制逐步发挥作用，实践研究将使研究性规划设计机构具备持续的竞争优势，使他们可以有更高的取费用于长期创新和研发，用更高的薪酬吸引优秀人才，以形成市场选择下优胜劣汰的良性循环。正如恩格斯百余年前所言：社会一旦有技术上的需要，则这种需要就会比十所大学更能把科学推向前进[2]。因此，规划设计实践的充分市场化是实践研究最终获得重视和可持续发展的真正动力。

苟日新，日日新，又日新[3]。实践研究是面对动态的社会和自然挑战，不断创新思想、理论、方法和技术的必由途径，对于景观设计和城乡规划设计学科而言尤其如此。说到底，规划设计实践本身就是针对某一个或一组问题，寻求最优解的研究过程。而本期所探讨的“原型研究”作为一种创新知识和方法的范式，即为实践研究的一种。面向未来挑战的原型研究成果将不断拓宽景观设计学科的发展路径，为设计师及相关领域的学者提供更具前瞻性的设计思路和更有弹性的工作方法，以促使我们更好地适应充满不确定性挑战的未来。

^{In the evening of June 9, 2020, a two-hour online China-US seminar took place as the first session of the Practice Research serial seminars, aiming to explore what planning and design colleges and institutions should do to encourage theoretical, methodological, and technological innovations on practical issues and promote associated applications.}

^{This seminar was initiated by Anne Whiston Spirn, a tenured professor of MIT and a reputed landscape architect and ecologist. She has conducted extensive studies on the practice research carried out by Ian L. McHarg at the University of Pennsylvania and the WMRT Firm led by himself, including one of his most notable achievements of innovative practice research, Design with Nature. Meanwhile, she is curious about the practice research in China, and has started a program at MIT focusing on the work of the College of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University and Turenscape over the past two decades, and how the interaction between research and practice has promoted knowledge innovation to address the pressing issues of the urbanization in China. Inspired by Professor Spirn, my thoughts on the patterns and challenges of practice research by Peking University-Turenscape can be concluded into the answers to three questions:}

^{First, why do we need practice research? Targeted practice research can help improve our understanding to new discourses and generate theoretical guidance or technical roadmaps to new challenges. For instance, issues arising midst the urbanization in China see few references of prediction patterns or solutions from other countries, given the regional differences in cultural contexts, social institution, and geographical conditions. Also, the applicability of the current wide-ranging theories and methods remains unknown to Chinese cases. In some sense, it requires the spirit of “crossing the river by feeling the stones”—Only by conducting practice research can we gain the knowledge and methodologies to address authentic practice issues with constant attempts.}

^{Second, who does practice research? They can be college faculties and students, researchers, and planners / designers. However, the instructional evaluation of faculties of most Chinese design colleges measures the number of published papers and citations, rather than practice research, leading to a pedantic ecology where scholars are keen on studying the subjects commissioned by the government, instead of those sponsored by private enterprises coping with the problems in practice. In addition, the subjects on social topics are usually less studied. This “paper-first” instructional institution also defines the faculty structure of colleges and universities, neglecting practice research in curriculum design and teaching systems. The research that divorces from practice is bound to fail to solve actual problems, and such a college training would not guarantee the graduates to be prepared for real design tasks. This deteriorates the innovation capacity and problem-solving ability of design professionals and hinders the development of design disciplines to respond to contemporary missions.}

^{In China, before the aggressive urbanization and market reform, many state-owned planning and design institutes had a good tradition of “practice as research” with authentic cases of urban-rural development; Afterwards, with the rapid changes of China’s socio-economic environment, these institutes have finished their transformation into capital-driven firms, which have faced new challenges in knowledge and technical innovation and working-mode reform so as to fulfill the profession’s contemporary tasks. However, generic planning schemes are popularly employed, and stereotypes like “axes-corridors-centers,” “cross-river development,” or “coastal growth” are prevailing across China. Worse, the fraudulent or vicious bidding and the low payment standard never raised for almost 20 years have hindered the industry’s inputs in practice research. As a result, planning and design professionals have seen a degradation in research capacity and innovative intelligence, who now become nothing but “cheap labor force” for repetitive works, failing to respond to the new requirements of the state’s institutional reforms in natural resource conservation and urban-rural planning.}

^{Third, how to promote practice research and knowledge innovation? First of all, colleges and research institutes should re-emphasize the importance of practice research for design disciplines, and then abolish the mechanisms impeding research enthusiasm—Alarmed by the cost of lives during COVID-19 pandemic and the problems exposed in this period, the “paper-first” evaluation system of college faculties has been called off by related departments[1]. Moreover, researchers who are enthusiastic for addressing social issues through design interventions and influencing younger scholars to put more efforts in practice research should be more rewarded. Also, the increasingly market-oriented industry is reshaping the climate in the fields of planning and design, where the institutes good at practice research would be more competitive in business and talent recruitment. As stated by Friedrich Engels over a century ago, one market demand works better than ten universities to stimulate technical progress[2]. Therefore, the healthy development and long-term promotion of practice research relies on the growth of the market-oriented industry.}

^{As an ancient Chinese adage advises, if one can make things better for one day, he should make them better every day[3]. In face of the ever-changing social and natural challenges, practice research paves the path for innovations in theory, methodology, and technology. This is particularly true for Landscape Architecture and Urban and Rural Planning, because planning and design practices are essentially a research process to find out the optimal solutions. As one type of the practice research, “prototype study” discussed in this issue offers a paradigm for the innovation of knowledge and methodology. Oriented to future challenges and uncertainties, it would help extend the horizon of Landscape Architecture, providing designers and scholars with prospective design insights and flexible working methods.}

^REFERENCES

^{[1] Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. (2020, February 20). Notice from the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology on Issuing “Several Opinions on Regulating the Use of Related Indicators of SCI Papers in Colleges and Universities to Establish Rational Evaluation Orientation”. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A16/moe_784/202002/t20200223_423334.html}

^{[2] Lu, J. (2008). Interpretation of Marxism Literature. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.}

^{[3] Zeng, S. (2018). The Great Learning (Q. Liu, Tran.). Nanjing: Phoenix Science Press.}

主编寄语 

实践研究：创新知识和方法的范式（俞孔坚）

论文

控制与不确定性：对原型思维范式的展望（张子豪，刘浔）

身体经验与时空想象——基于场地、场景、场域的景观建构原型研究（魏方，黄子舰）

运用空间句法衡量小型城市公园的安全性——以埃及开罗市罗德－法拉格公园为例（诺哈•艾哈迈德•阿卜杜勒•阿齐兹）

古村落宅间元素的分类及其平面特征解读——以安徽省黄山市关麓村为例（王国伟，罗杰威）

疗愈性街景元素识别与评价研究（殷雨婷，邵钰涵，薛贞颖，凯文•斯韦茨，张克新）

观点与评论

原型思维在广义建成景观中的设计应用（李静芸，董华冠，姜佳怡）

城市绿地促进人群健康的作用途径：理论框架与实践启示（张金光，余兆武，赵兵）

主题实践

区域“脊柱”太浦河：基于原型设计的国土空间规划补充途径（谢雨婷，克里斯蒂安•诺尔夫，董楠楠，戴代新，张斗）

促进社区设计和管理中的参与性行动：泰国昂西拉地区集体智能数字平台（戎航，杨竣程，钱经纬）

路缘沉积：利用原型思维过程探究如何通过路缘及路肩设计截留暴雨中的路面污染物（哈丽娜•斯坦纳，瑞恩•温斯顿，艾薇•欧贝尔，亚力克•格林姆）

探索与过程

响应式生物修复：规范海南沿海开发的不确定性、评价及调和（郭小曼）

大地舞台：面向未来的废弃土地修复（安娜•科尔尼瓦，厄尔玛克•图兰里）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——原型研究与景观设计

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers • Prototype Study in Landscape Architecture

【作者】张子豪（ZHANG Zihao），刘浔（LIU Xun），魏方（WEI Fang）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司 

【页码】186页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X 

【出版日期】2020年8月

【定价】58.00元

控制与不确定性：对原型思维范式的展望

^{Control and Uncertainty: Towards a Paradigm of Prototyping}

^{作者：张子豪，刘浔  ZHANG Zihao, LIU Xun}

摘要 

本文探索了一种不同于模型设计的原型思维新范式。在将控制论与景观设计进行并置分析后发现，自20世纪至21世纪初，景观设计学科的发展规律反映了控制论在同一时期的发展进程。早期关于系统动力学的决定论和线性理解，逐渐被基于演生论和开放式的主张所取代。在演生论的框架下，笔者强调一类可被理解为原型的特殊模型不能被基于“建模－预测－控制”的传统框架所包容。原型并不像传统建模过程那样，用模型代表一个开放的生命系统，原型本身就可以被理解为一个独立的生命体系。原型思维可以取代模型设计，并展现出三方面的特质：1）原型本身即具有“生命力”，这是设计与创造力的根本；2）原型的真正意义在于其未被定义的状态，而不在于其可被定义的最直接的用途；3）这种未被定义的状态能够提供无限可能，并将人们与未来之间的关系从过去的偶然性和预测转变为期待与展望。

关键词 

原型；景观；控制论；系统思维；不确定性；控制

^Abstract  

^{This paper maps out a new paradigm of prototyping that acts as an alternative to the model-making paradigm. By juxtaposing the cybernetics movement with landscape design, the authors have mapped out a development in landscape discourse that mirrors the movement of cybernetics in the 20th century and early 21st century. The early deterministic and linear understanding of systems dynamics is replaced by an emergent and open-ended view. Taking on a framework of emergence, the authors highlight a special type of model that does not fit within the conventional model-predict-control framework. Rather than models that represent another living system, these models are living systems in themselves with autonomy and lives. This special type of model can be understood as prototypes. Prototyping replaces model-making and exhibits three distinctive qualities: 1) A prototype has a life of its own, which serves as the basis for design and creativity; 2) The real usefulness of a prototype lies in its undefined identity rather than its defined and direct application; And 3) the identified quality provides a wide range of possibilities, thus changing our relationship with the future from chance and prediction to anticipation and hope.}

^Keywords 

^{Prototype; Landscape; Cybernetics; Systems Thinking; Uncertainty; Control}

身体经验与时空想象——基于场地、场景、场域的景观建构原型研究

^{Physical Experience and Space-Time Imagery—Research on The Prototype of Landscape Design by Understanding Site, Sight, and Insight}

^{作者：魏方， 黄子舰  WEI Fang, HUANG Zijian}

摘要

当代景观作为抵抗环境同质化、提供丰富文化想象力的重要媒介，对身体体验的忽视更易造成人与环境之间的感知矛盾与割裂。本文提出将身体－时间－空间的关系原型作为研究基于差异性要素建构的场地、场景、场域三种设计维度的抽象话语，分别表征为物质建构、意义建构和场域建构；随后探讨了如何通过控制空间序列与内外向、阈的设置、文本与句法的建构、激发事件与社会想象力等具体施行路径的作用，构成物质空间中的推拉运动、意义空间中的侧显与完形、场域空间的统觉，从而加深人对景观空间的感知。本文以身体经验与时空想象为切入点，提取并梳理了不同维度的景观建构思维，认为合理的差异要素组织设计方式可以通过以上三元维度建立深刻且亲密的人地关系。

关键词 

体验景观；原型；时间－空间；阈；社会互动；景观构建

^Abstract  

^{Contemporary landscape is an important medium that resists the environmental homogeneity and diversifies the cultural imagery. The neglect of physical experience would intensify the perception contradiction and separation between people and the site. This paper proposes to use the prototype of the interactions between the body, time, and space to build an abstract discourse to study the design dimensions of site, sight, and insight based on different elements—the three dimensions are represented as perception, conception, and live. It then focuses on how to employ design methods (including the arrangement of spatial sequence and direction, the design of thresholds in the space, the creation of texts and syntaxes, and the stimulation of events and social imagery) to form the push-pull movement in the material space, the abschattung and gestalt of ideographic texts in the meaning space, and the apperception of the social field, so as to enhance people’s perception of the landscape. This paper studies physical experience and space-time imagery to extract and deduce the thinking of landscape design within varied dimensions, and argues that a profound and intimate relationship between man and the site can be established by organizing different elements under the ternary system of site, sight, and insight.}

^Keywords 

^{Experiencing Landscape; Prototype; Space-Time; Threshold; Social Interaction; Landscape Design}

运用空间句法衡量小型城市公园的安全性——以埃及开罗市罗德－法拉格公园为例

^{Space Syntax as a Tool to Measure Safety in Small Urban Parks—A Case Study of Rod El Farag Park in Cairo, Egypt}

^{作者：诺哈•艾哈迈德•阿卜杜勒•阿齐兹  Noha Ahmed Abd El AZIZ}

摘要

数十年来，厘清犯罪行为及其发生场所之间的关系一直是设计和社会领域的研究重点。尽管空间句法理论为研究环境的布局特征及其对人们活动与犯罪方式的潜在影响提供了有力支持，其在景观设计中的运用却仍然较少。本研究借助空间句法理论，使用depthmapX软件分析了埃及开罗市一座公园的空间布局并预测了其安全水平，以期填补这一空白。研究通过现场观察和采访公园工作人员收集了该公园2019年的犯罪记录，并运用ArcGIS 10.3软件对其进行分析。结果表明，空间深度、整合度、连接度和犯罪模式分布之间存在较强的相关性。公园的可见性分析图则显示了夏季和冬季植被（常绿乔木／落叶乔木）对视觉连接度和犯罪类型的不同影响。研究指出，将空间句法理论应用于景观设计仍面临挑战，但该方法在预测城市公园犯罪情况方面具有较大潜力。此类研究结果可为改进公园的概念设计提供参考，以创造更安全的公园环境。

关键词 

CPTED；空间句法；开罗公园；安全公园；depthmapX软件；环境设计

^Abstract  

^{Decoding the relationship between crime and place has been the focus of researchers in both design and social fields for a few decades. Space syntax theory offers the possibility of examining the configuration characteristics of the environment and their potential influences on people’s activities and crime patterns; however, its implementation in landscape architecture has been limited. This study responds to such a gap by exploring the effectiveness of applying space syntax theory to predict safety levels in a park in Cairo, Egypt. depthmapX was used to analyze the spatial configuration of the park. Crime records from 2019 were collected through site observation and staff interviews, and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. Results indicated a strong correlation between space depth / integration / connectivity and crime pattern distribution. The park visibility graphs indicated the different impacts of vegetation (evergreen tree / deciduous trees) in summer and winter on visual connectivity and crime types. The research concluded that applying space syntax theory to landscape architecture is challenging; nevertheless, it represents a promising approach to predict committing crimes in urban parks, and the findings can be adopted to enhance park conceptual designs to achieve higher safety level.}  

^Keywords 

^{CPTED; Space Syntax; Cairo’s Parks; Safe Parks; depthmapX; Environmental Design}

古村落宅间元素的分类及其平面特征解读——以安徽省黄山市关麓村为例

^{Categorization of the Spatial Elements between Courtyards in Historical Villages and Interpretation of Their Morphological Characteristics—A Case Study on Guanlu Village in Huangshan City, Anhui Province}

^{作者：王国伟，罗杰威  WANG Guowei, Paolo Vincenzo GENOVESE}

摘要 

宅间元素是古村落景观的重要组成部分。在乡村景观同质化的当下，现有地方元素的研究倾向于传统符号或建筑细部等，而较少关注构成古村落宅间平面形态的核心元素。本文以安徽省黄山市关麓村为例，梳理了28种古村落宅间元素的分类，绘制了相应的元素图式，并从面积、圆形度、矩形度、紧凑度和宽长比5个方面量化分析了元素的平面特征。本研究不仅有益于细化古村落平面形态的理论研究，还有助于促进地方元素的挖掘及应用。这一基于元素分类、图式及其平面特征量化分析的方法模型为以延续地域特征为目的的村落景观平面设计提供了客观依据，同时丰富了村落景观设计语汇，避免设计元素模块化和千村一面等现象。

关键词 

古村落；宅间元素；设计元素；景观；平面特征；设计语汇；关麓村

^Abstract  

^{Spatial elements between courtyards are an important component of the landscape of historical villages. With an increasingly homogenous rural landscape in China, most existing studies focus on traditional symbols and architectural details, while little research is conducted to explore the core elements that shape the spaces between village courtyards. Taking Guanlu Village in Huangshan City, Anhui Province as an example, the research team identified 28 sorts of spatial elements, developed the corresponding diagrams, and quantified their morphological characteristics in area, circularity, rectangularity, compactness, and width-length ratio. This research not only contributes to the theoretical development on the morphology of ancient villages, but also helps promote the exploration and application of local elements. This village landscape design model constituted with element categorization, diagram drawing, and morphological quantitative analysis would provide scientific evidences that help inform the practices to revitalize village localities, showing its practical significance of enriching the design vocabulary of village landscapes and avoiding the prevailing, generic usage of modular designs with urban landscape elements.} 

^Keywords 

^{Historical Village; Spatial Element between Courtyards; Design Elements; Landscape; Morphological Characteristics; Design Vocabulary; Guanlu Village}

疗愈性街景元素识别与评价研究

^{An Explorative Study on the Identification and Evaluation of Restorative Streetscape Elements}

^{作者：殷雨婷，邵钰涵，薛贞颖，凯文•斯韦茨，张克新  YIN Yuting, SHAO Yuhan, XUE Zhenying, Kevin THWAITES, ZHANG Kexin}

摘要

街道作为一种重要的城市公共空间，疗愈潜能是其社会价值的体现之一。本研究从注意力恢复理论出发，以其提出的疗愈性环境的4个特征因子—“远离性”“延展性”“迷人性”“兼容性”为依据，阐明了街道空间具有疗愈性对于高密度城市环境中居民的重要意义。研究通过将传统的疗愈性量表问卷与移动式眼动仪相结合，了解使用者在城市街道环境中能够获得的疗愈性体验，并识别出与疗愈性相关的街景元素，用以探究不同元素对人们疗愈性体验的影响程度。研究结果表明，“绿植”“人”“汽车”等是显著影响街道使用者疗愈体验的街景元素。此外，不同街景元素对疗愈环境4个特征因子的影响程度也不尽相同，如：对于远离性、延展性和迷人性三个维度来说，“绿植”的影响最为重要；而对于兼容性维度来说，“人”是核心影响因素。研究结果可为归纳提升街道疗愈性的设计导则提供参考，并帮助专业人员依据不同类型街道的疗愈性侧重点制定具有针对性的设计改善思路。

关键词 

疗愈性；街景元素；感知评价量表；移动式眼动仪；注意力恢复理论

^Abstract  

^{The street is a type of important urban public space with multiple social values, one of which is the restorative potential. Based on the “being-away,” “extent,” “fascination,” and “compatibility” constructs of restorative environments proposed by the Attention Recovery Theory, this study elaborated the significance of restorativeness provided by street environments to people living in high-density cities. It used the traditional restorativeness scale with mobile eye trackers to explore the restorative experience provided by an urban street, and identified the specific streetscape elements related to restorativeness and the degree of their influences. The results show that “greenery,” “people,” and “cars” perform significant influences, and different streetscape elements have different degrees of influences on the 4 constructs of the restorative environment. For example, for the “being-away,” “extent,” and “fascination” constructs, the influence of “greenery” is the most important, while “people” plays the core role in “compatibility.” The findings can help professionals develop targeted design strategies to improve diverse street environments for a better restorativeness.}  

^Keywords 

^{Restorativeness; Streetscape Elements; Perception Evaluation Scale; Mobile Eye Tracker; Attention Recovery Theory}

原型思维在广义建成景观中的设计应用

^{Prototyping in the Design of Built Landscapes}

^{作者：李静芸，董华冠，姜佳怡  LI Jingyi, DONG Huaguan, JIANG Jiayi}

摘要 

“原型”起源于“本质主义”—认为万物均拥有其客观存在的本质，人们可以对典型现象进行抽象、描述并揭示该事物的本质。在建筑学发展过程中，由于本质主义无法描述形态变体的差异性，因而产生了类型学的概念。类型学强调对建筑形式进行变化和组合，形成与历史、文化或环境具有内在联系的新的空间形式。而在景观领域，面对复杂多变的设计对象，自类型学衍化而来的原型概念由于包含时间维度而被更广泛应用。可以说，原型思维是一种空间秩序的描述及测试，从提取特征、确定形式、测试模拟，到最终引入实体空间，形成了“抽象－衍化－测试－结果”的设计方法。在景观都市主义语境下，设计者首先必须了解场地的特定文脉，了解过去和未来及使用人群的设计语言，而后进行原型推演，并将时间性纳入考虑。本文主要探讨了原型概念的演化过程，并进一步讨论原型思维在广义建成景观设计过程的三个阶段——研究设计对象、推敲设计策略及测试最优策略——中起到的作用。

关键词 

原型思维；建成景观；切片；情境分析；模拟

^Abstract  

^{The concept of “prototype” originated from "essentialism"—the theory holds that everything is found in its own pure realm that can be typically abstracted, described, and represented. In the development of Architecture, essentialism fails to describe the differences between formal variations, and then Typology was born which manifests the new spatial forms that are embedded within the historical, cultural, and environmental contexts through the changes and combinations of architecture. Prototype, stemming from Typology, highlights the qualities of the time dimension and has been broadly used in the field of landscape architecture to address the objects that are often complex and chaotic. Prototyping is to profile and test the spatial order and characterized by a process of “extraction–deduction–test–outcome”: through the scenario analysis upon understanding and perception of the site, the design extracts the elements, deduces the forms, tests the simulations, iterates the strategies, and finally realizes the outcome physically. In the discourse of Landscape Urbanism, designers must understand the specific material language of the site, the design language of the site’s history (past and future), and the design language of the human activities proposed, while considering the changes over time. This article primarily reviews the evolution of the concept of prototype, and discusses its role in benefiting the design of built landscapes, ranging from the design investigation to the conceiving and testing of design strategies.}

^Keywords 

^{Prototyping; Built Landscape; Site Section; Scenario Analysis; Simulation}

城市绿地促进人群健康的作用途径：理论框架与实践启示

^{Impact Mechanism of Urban Green Spaces in Promoting Public Health: Theoretical Framework and Inspiration for Practical Experiences}

^{作者：张金光，余兆武，赵兵  ZHANG Jinguang, YU Zhaowu, ZHAO Bing}

摘要

城市绿地不仅可以提供广泛的生态系统服务，也能提升人群健康。当前，已有大量研究论述了城市绿地与人群健康的关系并取得了诸多进展，但尚缺少对两者复杂潜在作用途径的探讨。本文首先论述了城市绿地对人群健康的积极与消极影响，其次从鼓励体力活动、缓解精神压力、提高社会凝聚力和提供生态系统调节／支持服务4个方面构建了城市绿地促进人群健康的作用途径理论框架。在此框架研究基础上初步提出了健康导向下的城市绿地系统规划应对策略，具体包括：1）提升城市绿地的可获得性；2）提高城市绿地的可达性；3）增强城市绿地的可视性；4）优化城市绿地的空间要素组成；5）构建网络状城市绿地空间格局；6）降低城市绿地对人群健康的消极影响。研究成果可为人群健康和城市可持续发展提供有效的理论基础和经验启示，让有限的城市绿地发挥更大的健康效益。

关键词 

人群健康；城市绿地；基于自然的解决方案；生态系统服务；城市绿地系统规划

^Abstract  

^{Urban green spaces can not only offer a wide range of ecosystem services, but also promote public health. Most of existing studies have effectually explored the correlation between urban green spaces and public health, but failed to dig the complex impact mechanism behind. This article firstly goes into the positive and negative impacts of urban green spaces on public health, and proposes a theoretical framework of the impact mechanism from perspectives of physical activity encouragement, stress management, social cohesion enhancement, and regulating / supporting services provision by ecosystems. On this basis, 6 health-oriented urban green space system planning strategies are proposed, including promoting the availability, improving the accessibility, enhancing the visibility, optimizing the spatial composition, constructing a network pattern of urban green spaces, and reducing the negative impacts of urban green spaces on public health. The research results can provide theoretical grounding and reference for public health promotion and sustainable urban development to exert more health benefits with limited urban green spaces.}

^Keywords 

^{Public Health; Urban Green Spaces; Nature-Based Solutions; Ecosystem Services; Urban Green Space System Planning}

区域“脊柱”太浦河：基于原型设计的国土空间规划补充途径

^{Taipu Canal as a Regional Spine: A Prototypical Approach to Territorial Planning}

^{作者：谢雨婷，克里斯蒂安•诺尔夫，董楠楠，戴代新，张斗  XIE Yuting, Christian NOLF, DONG Nannan, DAI Daixin, ZHANG Dou}

摘要

2018年以来，长江三角洲区域一体化发展上升为国家战略，以加强该区域城市间的协作，但目前开放空间的保护与规划途径以定量评价为主，依然沿用自上而下的控制性规划导则。太浦河流经上海、苏州和杭州之间的区域绿心，目前主要发挥工程功能。本设计研究项目提出将太浦河升级为串联公民生活的轴线，制定新的区域发展框架，并使其串联沿线多样化的开放空间、生态系统和历史水乡古镇。项目采用了跨尺度的“地情－原型”方法，整合样本图绘、类型学研究和实验场地的原型设计探索，并将其贯穿于各个尺度，以评估如何将原型设计策略归纳为系统性的规划导则，并在区域尺度进行统一实施。本文总结的这种原型设计途径为中国自上而下的国土空间规划体系提供了适当补充，以更好地应对愈加复杂的场地条件和更大尺度的空间规划需求。

关键词 

原型；设计研究；景观特征；景观基础设施；国土空间规划；长江三角洲一体化；江南公园

^Abstract  

^{Since 2018, the integrated regional development of the Yangtze River Delta has been subjected as a national strategy to intensify the interconnection between its cities. However, the questions of open space conservation and planning have so far remained essentially quantitative and strongly informed by regulatory and top-down principles. Focusing on the vast green heart between Shanghai, Suzhou, and Hangzhou, this design-driven research project hypothesizes that Taipu Canal can be upgraded from its current technical role into a civic spine that frames new developments and articulates the rich diversity of open spaces, ecosystems, historic water towns and villages. The research adopts a cross-scale method of “contextual prototypes” that combines sampling, typological classification, and prototypical design explorations in pilot projects. A reflective phase zooms out to critically assess how these prototypical strategies can be systemized as structuring principles at the regional scale. The conclusion of the article discusses how this prototypical approach offers an opportunity to inductively complement the top-down Chinese territorial planning system, which needs to cope with increasingly complex conditions and vaster scales.}

^Keywords 

^{Prototype; Research-by-Design; Landscape Characteristics; Landscape Infrastructure; Territorial Planning; Yangtze River Delta Integration; Jiangnan Park}

促进社区设计和管理中的参与性行动：泰国昂西拉地区集体智能数字平台

^{Enabling Participatory Actions in Community Design and Management: A Collective Intelligent Digital Platform in Ang Sila, Thailand}

^{作者：戎航，杨竣程，钱经纬  Helena H. RONG, YANG Juncheng, William Jingwei QIAN}

摘要

过去10年间，随着数据收集、计算机技术及可视化方法的发展，“可持续智慧城市”这一旨在运用数字技术解决各类城市问题的新兴概念逐渐得到推广。然而，早期的方法忽略了公众参与决策过程的重要性，导致社会个体与专家权威之间信息不对称，弱势群体的代理权日益萎缩。本文介绍了由研究团队所设计的“共同设计昂西拉”（CoDAS）这一公民参与数字平台和工作流程：这个工具可以促进民众和专家权威在项目的各个阶段中持续沟通。通过让众多利益相关者作为共同创作者参与到设计过程之中，CoDAS可以提高不同群体之间的沟通效率，并实现设计和开发结果的公平及项目建成后使用阶段的公共资源管理。研究团队就泰国一个历史悠久的渔村—昂西拉附近的一处新开发项目展开了场地设计实验，对这一构想进行了验证。

关键词 

集体智慧；城市设计；城市治理；社区营造；可持续智慧城市；社区平台；数字应用

^Abstract  

^{Advancements in data collection, computing, and visualization methods have given rise to a new form of urban concept over the last decade: the smart sustainable city which tackles various urban challenges with digital technologies. However, earlier approaches omit the importance of citizens’ involvement in decision-making processes, which leads to an imbalanced information asymmetry between individuals and authorities and an increasingly reduced agency for the vulnerable. In this article, a tool and process was proposed which integrates the voices of evolving self-organizing entities to solve collective action challenges: Named as CoDAS (Co-Design Ang Sila), it is a digital platform which facilitates continuous communication between citizens and authorities during different development phases of a given project. By including a large number of stakeholders to participate in the co-design process as co-creators, CoDAS aims to improve communication efficiency while achieving equitable outcomes in design and development, along with post-occupancy common resource management. To test this hypothesis, a site design experiment was conducted on a site near a historical fishing village of Ang Sila, Thailand.}

^Keywords 

^{Collective Intelligence; Urban Design; Urban Governance; Community Building; Smart Sustainable City; Community Platform; Digital Application}

路缘沉积：利用原型思维过程探究如何通过路缘及路肩设计截留暴雨中的路面污染物

^{Curbing Sediment: A Prototyping Process to Explore How to Capture Road Pollutants in Stormwater Events via Curb and Apron Redesign}

^{作者：哈丽娜•斯坦纳，瑞恩•温斯顿，艾薇•欧贝尔，亚力克•格林姆  Halina STEINER, Ryan WINSTON, Avee OABEL, Alec GRIMM}

摘要

路缘的设计简单明了：路缘本身为雨水提供了输送途径，促使水和污染物由街道汇入河道。路面上存积着各种沉积物，包括草坪肥料中的营养物质、细菌、病毒、杀虫剂、金属元素，以及各种油和油脂。当暴雨发生时，这些物质会在未经处理的情况下被冲入雨水管道，而后排入河道，进而影响水质乃至整个生态系统。那么，如何通过提升路缘设计标准来产生更大的系统性影响？

如果重新设计路缘，使其可以像磁石一样吸附雨水中的污染物，则将打破路缘固有的设计标准。2019年夏，一支跨学科研究团队在俄亥俄州立大学对标准混凝土路缘及路肩的替代方案进行了测试。该团队使用迭代设计过程在路缘和路肩表面增加了不同的图案和凹槽，并使用全尺寸模型测试了模拟暴雨事件，收集了相关数据以评估21种替代设计方案的表现。结果表明，新的路缘及路肩组合设计方案可以有效地在道路上拦截污染物，避免其进一步危害水体及水生生态系统。

关键词 

基础设施；水文学；雨洪；路缘；沉积物；城市设计

^Abstract  

^{The design of a curb is straight forward. The curb itself provides a conveyance of stormwater, facilitating the movement of water and pollutants from the street into waterways. Pollutants such as sediment, nutrients from lawn fertilizers, bacteria, viruses, pesticides, metals, and petroleum by-products accumulate on the road surface and are released during storm events, carried to storm drains, and deposited into waterways, often without treatment. Once pollutants enter the waterways they impact the ecosystem and affect water quality. How can discrete standards—like a curb—be leveraged to have larger systemic impacts?} 

^{The redesign of the curb to perform as a magnet for pollutants can challenge this design standard. During the summer of 2019, the interdisciplinary research team tested alternatives to the standard concrete curb and apron at Ohio State University. The team used an iterative design process to add patterning and crenellations to the face of the curb and apron. Using full scale models to test simulated storm events, the team collected data to evaluate the performance of 21 alternative designs. The results suggest the new combined curb and apron designs can abstract pollutants from roadways before they are detrimental to water bodies and aquatic ecosystems.}

^Keywords 

^{Infrastructure; Hydrology; Stormwater; Curb; Sediment; Urban Design}

响应式生物修复：规范海南沿海开发的不确定性、评价及调和

^{Responsive Bioremediation: Regulating the Uncertainty, Assessment, and Negotiation for Coastal Developments in Hainan, China}

^{作者：郭小曼  KWOK Siu Man}

摘要

填海造地和疏浚活动会损害海洋和沿海生态。本研究理性分析了获批的环境影响评价中存在的冲突点，包括对沿海和海洋生境所受直接及间接影响的忽视，环评流程中的漏洞，以及海洋环境修复方案的缺陷，旨在使利益相关者更好地了解填海造地对海洋和沿海生态系统造成的直接及间接影响，以促使其遵循合理的环评流程，并实施响应式海洋生物修复方案。研究以中国海南海花岛为例，通过在疏浚之前及过程中应用响应式牡蛎－海草－珊瑚滤床系统，使周边海域的水浊度和悬沙浓度保持在珊瑚礁的耐受范围之内。

关键词

填海造地；疏浚；环境影响评价；海洋生物修复；响应式原型；牡蛎－海草－珊瑚滤床系统

^Abstract

^{Land reclamation and dredging have a damaging effect on marine and coastal ecology. This study rationally analyzes the conflicts in the approved environmental impact assessment (EIA), including the negligence of the direct and indirect effects on coastal and marine habitats, the short circuit of the EIA procedures among stakeholders, and the insufficient marine environmental restoration schemes. This study also promotes awareness among the stakeholders so they will understand the direct and indirect effects of land reclamation on marine and coastal ecosystems, as well as the indications if they follow the EIA procedures, and implement a responsive marine bioremediation before and during the dredging process. By taking the Ocean Flower Island in Hainan, China as an example, this study applied the responsive oyster-seagrass-coral filtration bed system before and during the dredging process to maintain the water turbidity and suspended sediment concentration below the tolerance limits of the coral reefs in the adjacent areas.}

^Keywords

^{Land Reclamation; Dredging; Environmental Impact Assessment; Marine Bioremediation; Responsive Prototype; Oyster-Seagrass-Coral Filtration Bed System}

大地舞台：面向未来的废弃土地修复

^{Earth Choreographer: Remediating Obsolete Grounds of the Future}

^{作者：安娜•科尔尼瓦，厄尔玛克•图兰里  Anna KORNEEVA, Irmak TURANLI}

摘要 

作为一种设计方法，“大地舞台”聚焦于废弃油田景观的规划设计与功能重构。本文所介绍的项目以此方法命名，探讨了废弃工业用地修复和再利用的迫切需求与机遇，以在未来几十年间—乃至工业用地达到预期使用年限后—不断发掘土地的开发潜力，制定相应的预景，并在设计过程中保留场地和景观曾遭受破坏的痕迹。在技术不断发展、自然资源危机日益加剧的背景下，本文回答了以下问题：1）生产性景观的“一手保护，一手重建”意味着什么？2）如何描绘一个不断被机械重塑的地平面，以及随之变化的人类与非人类活动区域的边界？3）一片不断自我消解和重建的场地是什么样？

该项目采用动态设计方法提出了2025~2080年的若干预景设计，使场地能够根据不断变化的使用者需求和利益取向持续发展，回应气候变化和资源枯竭危机，为废弃景观的改造和复兴提供原型参考。

关键词 

石油开采；废弃景观；修复；再利用；原型；夯土

^Abstract  

^{Earth Choreographer is a design methodology that focuses on choreographing, scoring, and de-territorializing the landscape of an obsolete oil field. The project introduced in this article, titled Earth Choreographer, explores the imperatives and opportunities in remediation and repurposing of obsolete industrial sites, aiming to continuously investigate the potential of the land and possible scenarios over decades—even when the intended life cycle of the industrial site is over. It presents a design process that recognizes the ruination of the ground and the landscape. By acknowledging the evolving technologies and ever-increasing preoccupation with natural resources, it answers the following questions: 1) What happens when a productive landscape is sought to be both partially preserved and recreated? 2) How to represent a ground plane that is being constantly reconfigured by machines with ever-changing boundaries of spaces for human and non-human occupation? And 3) what does a site that constantly erases and reconstructs itself look like?}

^{With several scenarios from 2025 to 2080, this project acts as a prototype for inhabiting obsolete landscapes by addressing climate change and depletion of resources. Its dynamic design methodology allows the site to constantly evolve and change over time based on the needs and interests of its occupiers.}

^Keywords 

^{Oil Extraction; Obsolete Landscape; Remediation; Repurposing; Prototype; Rammed Earth}